| Biology Part II
Semester Exam Study Guide with Answers
Answers located in bold print and parentheses beside questions. If you are
making index cards for extra points on the exam, please put one question per
index card. The question should be located on the front of your card and
the answer on the back.
1. Many bacteria have long appendages for movement that are called
___________________. (flagella)
2. Cholera is a disease of the _______________________. (intestines)
3. Habitats of Archaebacteria include ____________________________.
(hot springs)
4. How are bacterial diseases of the intestines usually transmitted?
(by contaminated food and water)
5. Spiral shaped bacteria are known as ____________________. (spirilla)
6. Rod shaped bacteria are known as ______________________. (bacillus)
7. Round shaped bacteria are known as ______________________. (cocci)
8. A _________________________ is a bacteria infecting virus.
(bacteriophage)
9. A __________________________ is an agent that causes diseases.
(pathogen)
10. The __________________________ is a cycle of viral infection,
replication and cell destruction. (lytic cycle)
11. _______________________________ is a cycle in which the viral genome
replicates without destroying the host cell. (lysogenic cycle)
12. A _________________________ is a virus that is able to replicate but
not cause disease in its host. (attenuated virus)
13. A ____________________________ is a virus that does not replicate
within its host. (inactivated virus)
14. Specific flu shots are needed every year because the flu virus
_______________ very rapidly. (mutates)
15. Chickenpox and ______________________ are caused by the same
varicella-zoster herpes virus. (shingles)
16. Wendell Stanley is best known for _____________________________.
(being the first to crystallize a virus)
17. The process of sexual reproduction that involves the side by side
alignment of two filaments to exchange genetic material is called
________________________. (conjugation)
18. Green algae contain the same pigment found in
______________________. (plants)
19. An amoeba moves by means of ______________________________.
(pseudopodia)
20. A euglena moves by means of __________________________. (flagella)
21. A paramecium moves by means of __________________________. (cilia)
22. ________________________ cause the red tides. (dinoflagellates)
23. _________________________ transmit malaria to humans. (anopheles
mosquitoes)
24. Protozoan habitats are characterized by the presence of
____________________. (moisture)
25. Pseudopodia are extensions of the sarcodines’s
_______________________. (cytoplasm)
26. Fungi play an important role in the biosphere because they
_________________. (break down organic molecules help recycle nutrients and
are decomposers)
27. __________________________ do not contain chloroplasts, have cell
walls made of chitin and do not produce their own food. (fungi)
28. ______________________________ are a symbiotic relationship between
fungi and plant roots. (mycorrhizae)
29. A _________________________ is a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship
between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner. (lichen)
30. The cell walls of fungi are composed of _______________________.
(chitin)
31. Fungi cause disease in humans through ______________________.
(infections, allergies and poisoning)
32. Photosynthetic plants are considered to be
___________________________. (producers)
33. Grasses that contain grains are called ___________________________.
(cereals)
34. What high protein plants are considered to be nuts, but are actually
classified as legumes. (peanuts)
35. ________________________ is the study of plants. (botany)
36. A ________________________ is a haploid plant that produces eggs and
sperm. (gametophyte)
37. __________________________ transports water and dissolved substances
in one direction. (xylem)
38. A ___________________________ has two seed leaves and net leaf
venation. (dicot)
39. A ____________________________ has one seed leaf and parallel leaf
venation. (monocot)
40. ____________________________ transports food throughout the plant.
(phloem)
41. A ___________________________ is a diploid plant that produces
spores. (sporophyte)
42. The __________________________ of a leaf is the waxy covering of the
surface. (cuticle)
43. A ___________________________ is a plant embryo inside a protective
coat. (seed)
44. _____________________________ is the process by which water is lost
by a plant. (transpiration)
45. _____________________________ are openings in the epidermis of the
leaf that allow for gas exchange. (stomata)
46. A _________________________ root system is a root system with many
branch roots (all about the same size). (fibrous root system)
47. A __________________ root system is a root system with an enlarged
primary root. (tap)
48. The female reproductive parts of a flower are called
_____________________. (pistils)
49. The male reproductive structure that produces pollen is called the
________________________. (anther)
50. The pistil consists of the ____________________________. (stigma,
style and ovary)
51. The stamen is composed of _____________________. (anther and
filament)
52. The __________________________ is the male gametophyte of the plant.
(pollen grain)
53. ___________________________________ reproduction does not require
egg and sperm. (asexual)
54. The position at the front part of a body or structure is referred to
as ___________________. (anterior)
55. _____________________________ refers to the end of the body that is
opposite the head. (posterior)
56. ______________________________ refers to the lower or abdominal part
of an organism. (ventral)
57. ____________________________ refers to lying on or near the back.
(dorsal)
58. A starfish has ___________________________ symmetry. (radial)
59. A human has ________________________ symmetry. (bilateral)
60. A __________________________ is an organism that cannot make its own
food. (heterotroph)
61. ________________________ refers to having body parts arranged around
a central axis. (radial symmetry)
62. ____________________________ refers to having 2 copies of each
chromosome. (diploid)
63. ____________________________ refers to having a definite head end.
(cephalization)
64. _____________________________ refers to blood pumped through a
system of vessels in a loop. (closed circulatory system)
65. ____________________________ refers to fluid containing oxygen being
pumped into the body cavity. (open circulatory system)
66. ______________________ refers to having similar halves on either
side of a central plane. (bilateral symmetry)
67. An earth worm is an example of an animal in phylum
____________________. (Annelida)
68. A clam is found in phylum ___________________________. (Mollusca)
69. A sea star is found in phylum _______________________.
(Echinodermata)
70. A sea anemone is found in phylum _____________________. (Cnidaria)
71. What is a trait common to all invertebrates? (No backbone)
72. ____________________________ animals are defined as remaining
attached to a fixed surface during their lives. (sessile)
73. Sponges exhibit ________________________. (asymmetry)
74. A ________________________ is a vase-like stage of the cnidarian
life cycle adapted for a sessile lifestyle. (polyp)
75. The ________________________ is the bell-shaped stage of a cnidarian
life cycle adapted for moving around. (medusa)
76. _________________________ is the ability to regrow tissues.
(regeneration)
77. Flatworms have no need for circulatory and respiratory systems
because ___________________. (their cells are close to the animal’s exterior
surface)
78. The rectangular body sections of the tape worm are known as
_____________________. (proglottids)
79. _________________________ is caused by filarial worms.
(elephantiasis)
80. Bivalves open and close their valves by ___________________.
(relaxing and contracting their adductor muscles)
81. The ______________________ is a storage chamber in an annelid’s
digestive tract. (crop)
82. The ________________________ is the part of the earthworm’s
digestive tract where soil particles are crushed. (gizzard)
83. Snails and slugs are examples of _____________________. (gastropods)
84. __________________________ function in excretion of wastes.
(nephridia)
85. The _____________________ is the flexible tonguelike strip with
teeth that some mollusks use when eating. (radula)
86. The _______________________ of a mollusk secretes the shell. (mantle)
87. A __________________________ is a body section in some arthropods
formed by the fusion of the head with the thorax. (cephalothorax)
88. The ________________________ is the shield that covers a decapod’s
cephalothorax. (carapace)
89. ____________________________ are legs modified into large pincers.
(chelipeds)
90. The _________________________ of the crayfish is an excretory
structure. (green gland)
91. ____________________________ is the process by which an animal sheds
its exoskeleton and grows a new one. (molting)
92. A ________________________ is the web-weaving organ of a spider.
(spinneret)
93. _______________________________ are found on the surface of some
echinoderms; they are very small pincers that are used for protection
against ectoparasites. (pedicellaria)
94. Chordates that are not vertebrates include
__________________________. (lancelets and tunicates)
95. A ________________________ is found on the upper end of a tube foot
of echinoderms. It is a bulblike sac that forces water into the tube foot
and causes the tube foot to expand. (ampulla)
96. Sea stars are _____________________. (hermaphroditic and have
separate sexes)
97. _________________________ is fertilization of an egg by sperm and
occurs within the body of the female. (internal fertilization)
98. __________________________ is the union of gametes outside the
bodies of the parents as in many fish and amphibians. (external
fertilization)
99. A fish absorbs oxygen through its _______________________. (gill
slits)
100. Bony fishes regulate their buoyancy with their _________________.
(swim bladder)
101. The lateral line system enables fish to ______________________.
(detect vibrations in the water)
102. The _____________________ is a bony plate that is attached to each
side of the head, that covers the gills, and that is open at the rear.
(operculum)
103. The _____________________ is also known as the eardrum. (tympanic
membrane)
104. A ________________________ is a chamber through which the urine,
gametes and undigested material pass. (cloaca)
105. The __________________________ is the posterior portion of the brain
that coordinates muscle movement and controls subconscious activities and
some balance functions. (cerebellum)
106. The ____________________ in fish is the posterior brain lobes that
regulates the internal organs in humans, the lower portion of the brain
stem, which regulates circulation, respiration, and speed senses. (medulla
oblongata)
107. The __________________________ is one of the organs that filter
water and wastes from the blood, excretes products such as urine, and
regulates the concentration of certain substances in the blood. (kidney)
108. __________________________ is the embrace of the female by a male
frog (a type of reproductive behavior). (amplexus)
109. The _________________________ is a membrane that attaches the small
intestine to the abdominal wall. (mesentery)
110. The _________________________ is the middle portion of the small
intestine where many nutrients are absorbed. (ileum)
111. To aid in the process of respiration, most adult amphibians make use
of their lungs as well as their ____________________. (skin)
112. The ______________________ is an olfactory sac that opens into the
mouth and is highly developed in reptiles allowing them to detect the odor
of chemicals. (Jacobson’s organ)
113. A _______________________ is an egg laying mammal such as a duck
billed platypus. (monotreme)
114. A kangaroo is an example of a ______________________. (marsupial)
115. Humans are examples of __________________ mammals. (placental)
116. A ________________________ is an animal that can generate body heat
through metabolism and can maintain a constant body temperature, despite
temperature changes in the animal’s environment. (endotherm)
117. A ______________________ is an organism whose internal body
temperature changes with the temperature of the environment. (ectotherm)
118. Antibiotics are effective against ______________________. (bacterial
infections)
119. _____________________________ are organisms that cannot live where
molecular oxygen is present. (obligate anaerobes)
120. ________________________ are organisms that can live with or without
oxygen. (facultative anaerobes)
121. _______________________ are organisms that must have oxygen in order
to survive. (obligate aerobes)
122. A__________________________ is a nonliving particle made up of a
nucleic acid and a protein coat. (virus)
123. A _____________________________ is an intermediate host that
transfers a pathogen or a parasite to another organism. (vector)
124. Mad cow disease is caused by a ____________________. (prion)
125. ____________________ is the study of fungi. (mycology)
126. _____________________ are fungal toxins produced by some species of
Aspergillus. (alflatoxins)
127. _________________________ include pine trees and are seed plants
that produce seeds that are not enclosed in a fruit. (gymnosperms)
128. ___________________________ are also known as flowering plants and
are seed plants that produce seed within a protective fruit. (angiosperms)
129. Trees that lose their leaves at the end of the growing season are
called _______________________. (deciduous)
130. _____________________ are the simplest of all animals. (sponges)
131. The _________________________ host of a parasite is the host from
which the adult parasite gets its nourishment. (primary host)
132. The _____________________ host is the host from which the larvae of
a parasite derives its nourishment. (intermediate host)
133. _______________________ are the most common round worm parasite of
humans in the U.S. (pinworms)
134. In ______________________, a nymph hatches from an egg and gradually
develops into an adult. (incomplete metamorphosis)
135. In _________________________ an insect undergoes two stages of
development between the egg and the adult. (complete metamorphosis)
136. ____________________________ are chemicals released by an animal
that affect the behavior or development of other members of the same species
through the sense of smell or taste. (pheromones)
137. Reptiles produce a ______________________ which encases the embryo
in a secure self contained aquatic environment. (amniotic egg)
138. The major characteristics of _____________________ include
endothermy, hair, a completely divided heart, milk, a single jaw bone and
specialized teeth. (mammals)
139. ____________________ mammals, such as the horse give birth to well
developed young after a long period of development inside the uterus.
(placental mammals)
140. _______________________ are mammals that lack a true placenta and
give birth to relatively underdeveloped young and then carry and nourish the
young in a pouch. (marsupials)
141. Snakes are ______________________. (reptiles)
142. Frogs are ______________________. (amphibians)
143. A _________________________ is a protist that is both plant-like and
animal-like in that it is photosynthetic and can also move around. (euglena)
144. Monocots have _______________ venation. (parallel)
145. A stalk-like _________________ is the male reproductive part of a
flower that supports the anther. (filament)
146. _______________________________ is the evolutionary adaptation of a
cell for a particular function. (specialization)
147. A ______________________ is an organism that produces both male and
female gametes. (hermaphrodite)
148. _________________________ are specialized cells used for defense and
capturing prey in cnidarians. (cnidocytes)
149. _________________________ is the production of light by means of
chemicals. (bioluminescence)
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