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GrammarAREAS OF FOCUS FOR GRAMMAR (by grade)
7th grade grammar Noun types: Concrete,
Abstract, Singular, Plural, Collective Pronouns: Nominative, Objective, Possessive, Singular,
Plural, Relative Noun Functions: Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object,
Object of the preposition, Possessive Modifier, Appositive, Predicate
Nominative, Independent by address Verbs: Transitive, Intransitive, Linking Other parts of speech: Preposition, Adjective, Article,
Adverb, Coordinating Conjunction, Subordinating Conjunction Types of clauses: Dependent / Subordinate, Independent Types of dependent clauses: Adverb, Adjective, Noun Sentence Types: Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex Verbals: Gerund, participle, infinitive 9th grade grammar: Noun Functions: (review) Parts of speech: (review) Verbs: Transitive, Intransitive, Linking, Auxiliary,
Progressive, Perfect, Subjunctive Verbals: Gerund, Participle, Infinitive Clauses: (Review) Types of dependent clauses: Adverb, Adjective, Noun Phrases: Prepositional, Infinitive, Appositive, Other noun phrases (i.e. direct object) ORDER OF OPERATIONS FOR SENTENCE ANALYSIS
Analysis is the breaking down of a system into component parts to understand how they interact. Grammar is an excellent way to practice this important critical thinking skill. A sentence is, after all, a type of system. In order to help students understand the component parts of a sentence system, I have created an order of operations for analyzing sentence grammar (based on the old math strategy affectionately known as PEMDAS). 1. Identify the VERBS. Note whether they are ACTION VERBS or BEING VERBS. Often verbs are defined as actions. I belive this is a limited definition; I would offer that a verb is a noun that takes place in time. Identify any auxiliary verbs that help form a future, perfect or progressive tense.
Identify any modals (rare)
Identify verb moods (subjunctive, for instance- very rare)
2. Identify the SUBJECTS of those verbs. These subjects must be either nouns or pronouns. One of the major mistakes made in the teaching of grammar is to define the subject as the "subject of the sentence". It is not; it is the subject of the verb of the sentence. 3. Identify the PREPOSTIONS. The numebr one reason why a sentence is difficult to understand is because of the number of prepositions. By breaking out the prepositions early, the sentence tends to becme more comprehensible to the students. 4. Identify the OBJECTS OF THE PREPOSITIONS. They are always nouns or pronouns, and sometimes they are an entire phrase. 5. Identify the COMPLEMENTS to the verbs. Identifying the complements will help determine what type of verb is being used, whether it is TRANSITIVE, INTRANSITIVE, or LINKING.To identify complements involves a curious circular reasoning: The type of complements determine the type of verb, and the type of verb determines the type of complement. The complements are always nouns or pronouns. Complements include: a. DIRECT OBJECTS b. PREDICATE NOMINATIVES At this point, also identify any AUXILIARY VERBS 6. Identify the VERBALS These are verbs acting as other parts of speech. They include: GERUNDS, PARTICIPLES, and INFINITIVES. 7. Identify the MODIFIERS These are a mixed bag of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, articles and adverbs. Identify them systematically. a. Identify the POSSESSIVE MODIFIERS (these are always nouns or pronouns). b. Identify the ADJECTIVES (this includes predicate adjectives (a type linking verb complements) as well as regular adjectives). c. Identify the APPOSITIVE NOUNS. Sometimes the appositives are an entire phrase, usually enclosed by commas . d. Identify the ARTICLES c. Identify the ADVERBS. Please note that some of these may double as SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS. 8. Identify the Nouns that are INDEPENDENT BY ADDRESS. These are always set off by commas, and sometimes by colons. 9. Identify the CONJUNCTIONS There are three types of conjunctive strategies used in sentences: a. COORDINATING (identified by the mneumoninc device: FANBOYS) b. SUBORDINATING c. SEMI - COLON (Often followed by an INDEPENDENT MARKER WORD) 10. At this point, anything left will be an INTERJECTION 11. Identify the CLAUSES There are two types of clauses: a. INDEPENDENT b. DEPENDENT (or SUBORDINATE) - dependent clauses are either adjective, adverbial, or noun
12. Identify the SENTENCE TYPE There are four types of sentences: a. SIMPLE b. COMPOUND c. COMPLEX d. COMPOUND - COMPLEX Noun Types Nouns come in a varity of types, including: common and proper; concrete and abstract; singular, plural, and collective; and possessive. To get further practice in identifying different types of nouns, download and print the following worksheet.
Noun Types practice worksheet
Noun Functions Nouns function in various ways in sentences. These include: subject of a verb, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, in apposition, modifying another noun, as a predicate nominative, and independent by address. To get further practice identifying the differnt ways in which nouns function, download and print the following worksheet NounFunctionsPractice.doc NounFunctionsWorksheet2.doc Pronouns Pronouns take the place of nouns. They can be categorized as follows: Singular / Plural; Nominative, Objective, Possessive; 1st, 2nd, or third person; Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter; Relative, Interrogative, Demonstrative, Reflexive, and Indefinite. Following is an outline detailing the different types of pronouns by category: Verbals Verbals are verbs that also function as a different part of speech. One of the most common verbals is a gerund. Following is a worksheet with description of gerunds.
Verbals-GERUNDS.doc
Relative Clauses (Adjective and Noun Clauses) These clauses are generally introduced using Relative Pronouns. Adjective clauses modify a noun (usually a noun in an independent clause), while noun clauses function as a noun within a larger clause (usually an independent clause). ADJECTIVE-CLAUSES.docx |
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