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VIEW: Home \| 7th Grade Expectations \| English 7 \| 9th Grade Expectations \| English 9 \| 7th and 9th grade lists of readings and novels \| Grammar \| Outside Reading \| 9th grade Root Words \| 9th grade Topic Discussion \| Proof Paragraphs \| Spelleing Lessons \| Spelling Strategees \| MLA Style Guide \| Emailing Homework \| Theories of Moral Development \| Critical Thinking \| How to get an A \| Doctrine of Completed Work \| Write-ups on Writing \| Issues in GATE \| General Weekly Schedule \| Photos/Docs \| FAQs \| Teacher \| Most Dangerous Game Proof \| Tone Outline \| Erikson's Theory of Psych Development \| To Kill a Mockingbird \| Two Kinds and Erikson \| Persuasive Composition \| Aristotelian Argument \| Beowulf \| Hero's Journey \| Antigone \| Response to Lit - Poetry \| Jack London's Influences \| Will to Power Proof \| Branding Project

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Theories of Moral Development <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">The Theory of Moral Development</strong><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </SPAN>Lawrence Kohlberg, a professor of education and social psychology at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Harvard</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> before his death, claimed that persons go through certain stages in their approach to morality or moral reasoning.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>Based on the ideas about the relation of morality and thinking advanced by John Dewey and Jean Piaget, Kohlberg began a major study of moral thinking in 1950.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>While working with boys between the ages of ten and sixteen, he came to the conclusion that there was a natural developmental pattern to moral reasoning.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>As a result of further research in villages and cities in the <st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Great Britain</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Taiwan</st1:country-region>, <st1:State w:st="on">Yucatan</st1:State>, and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Turkey</st1:place></st1:country-region>, Kohlberg concluded that the stages of moral reasoning are culturally universal.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </SPAN>Kohlberg’s viewpoint is not static by any means.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>He has devoted much recent effort to a philosophical articulation of the theory.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>With continuing empirical research he has also developed refinements in the stages (subdividing them) and in the experimental techniques.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>Consequently, it is necessary to keep in touch to be aware of revisions and expansions.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>Nevertheless, there is a core to his “cognitive-development” theory which will be summarized below.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Stages in Moral Development:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>Pre-conventional Moral Development<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Stage Zero: Pre-moral</SPAN></strong><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> (Before moral)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Pleasure-pain (exciting-fearful) determine behavior<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>No sense of obligation or morality; no comprehension of effects of actions<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Not immoral but amoral: lacking ability to discern right/wrong (infant)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Take what is pleasant; avoid what is unpleasant<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Person is guided by what he or she can and wants to do, even hurting others for the pleasure or excitement it may bring him or her<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>You might say person has self-chosen rules BELOW the social order<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Stage One: Simple Authority Orientation</SPAN></strong><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Obedience and punishment orientation where physical consequences determine good or bad; because he feels that might makes right, he bows to stronger person’s rules<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Deference to superior power or prestige; authority figure determines standards<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Responsive to rules IF he thinks he’ll be caught and punished<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Stage Two: “Instrumental relativist”: </SPAN></strong><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What’s in it for me?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Naively egoistic orientation (It’s all about me!) [Be careful!<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>Egotistic is slightly different.)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Satisfies needs of self and occasionally others<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Equal sharing: exchange, reciprocity, fairness, same for all, treat all the same, eye for eye<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>You scratch my back & I’ll scratch yours not from concern or loyalty, but because it’s equal, fair<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal align=center><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Kohlberg felt that about 4% of the population would remain “stuck” in the Pre-conventional Moral Stages for one reason or another, often because of lack of examples through which to grow.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></strong></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Stages in Moral Development: <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Conventional Moral Development<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Stage Three: </SPAN></strong><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Interpersonal Concordance – Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation</strong><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Being nice, approval, and pleasing a limited group are all important<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Puts oneself in another’s shoes; conscience begins here; considers feelings of others<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>"Good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them. There is much conformity to stereotypical images of what is majority or 'natural' behavior. Behavior is frequently judged by intention. 'He means well' becomes important for the first time. One earns approval by being 'nice.'" </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">(Duska, R. and Whelan, M., 1975)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Stage Four:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>Law and Order<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>(</SPAN></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">Kohlberg felt that 80% of the population won’t go past here</SPAN></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></strong></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN></SPAN></strong><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Orientation toward authority and maintenance of the social order for its own sake<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Does duty; respect for authority and majority rule<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Rigid: fixed rules are hard to change<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Stages in Moral Development:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>Post-Conventional Moral Development<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></strong></P> <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Kohlberg felt that only about 20% of a population would rise above the Law & Order stage.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></strong></P> <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Stage Five:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>Social Contract:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN></SPAN></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">an agreement among individuals forming an organized society; agreement<o:p></o:p></SPAN></strong></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">         </SPAN>between the community and the ruler that defines and limits the rights and duties of each.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN></SPAN></strong><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Contractual and legalistic; constitutional and democratic; official morality of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region></st1:place><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Standards critically examined and socially agreed upon; Legalistic but law can be changed for the benefit of society.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Individual rights respected except when contrary to social contract (agreed rights)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Moral values defined in terms of individual rights and standards agreed upon by society<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Consensus (general agreement, unanimity) rather than majority (one over half)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Stage Six:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>Ethical principles</SPAN></strong><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Orientation to ethical principles higher than the law<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Conscience guided by self-chosen principles (Do no harm to others.)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Obedience or disobedience to law based on moral respect for justice for all people.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">“At heart, these are universal principles of justice, of the reciprocity and equality of human rights, and of respect for the dignity of human beings as individual persons." </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">(Duska, R. and Whelan, M., 1975)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Summary of the claims of L. Kohlberg about the Process of Moral Development<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1. Each person’s moral reasoning develops through the stages outlined.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2. Stages cannot be skipped; progress occurs one step at a time…<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>*Some people go faster and/or farther through the stages.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">4. Movement from stage to stage is a long-term process, occurring gradually rather than in sudden leaps.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5. One can comprehend all stages up to and including his present stage.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">6. Given the right opportunity, one can understand and function at a moral level immediately above the present level.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7. Moral reasoning more than one stage higher cannot be comprehended.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8. One tend to prefer the next stage as he understands it.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9. One will rank as best the highest level of moral reasoning understood.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10. Moral reasoning at stages lower than that attained will be understood but rejected; they do not affect behavior or persuade the thinking.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11. Moral development is always progressive – regression does not occur; once a higher level is attained, it is never lost, and if movement continues, it will be forward.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12. Moral development is not automatic; it may be arrested at any stage.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">13. A person may be in transition between stages.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">14. When one is “in stage,” at least 50% of his responses are typical of that stage, with some higher and some lower.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">15. These sequences of stages do not vary with culture, social class, or religion; these factors may affect speed of movement or stages typical of a given age.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><BR> Conclusion</SPAN></strong><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The process of moral development can be stimulated by 1) an experience of moral conflict (dilemma study), 2) an exchange of different views, and/or 3) an exposure to the next higher level of moral reasoning.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">Source: </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.vtaide.com/blessing/Kohlberg.htm"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">http://www.vtaide.com/blessing/Kohlberg.htm</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>Descriptions (in quotations) of the six stages that follow are attributed to Lawrence Kohlberg and taken from Ronald Duska & Mariellen Whelen, </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0809118920/parentingthenextA/" target=new><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">Moral Development: A Guide to Piaget and Kohlberg</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> (New York: Paulist), <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1975.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">Basic Information and formatting from a presentation by Taylor, Dr. T. Roger.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN><U>Practical Strategies and Classroom Techniques for Gifted and Highly Capable Students: A Differentiated Approach</U>.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Sacramento</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">CA</st1:State></st1:place>.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>September 1, 2002</SPAN></SPAN><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></strong></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><STRONG>Carol Gilligan</STRONG><BR> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">A highly influential figure in the study of psychology and gender, Carol Gilligan is a former student of Erik Erikson and was a research assistant under Kohlberg. Over time, she came to believe that Kohlberg's theory had inherent flaws due to gender bias. In her most famous work, a criticism of Kohlberg's theory entitled " A Differnt Voice," Gilligan proposed an alternate theory of moral development that she believed more accurately described a woman's moral perspective. Like Kohlberg, it includes three overall stages, but her theory also posits significant transition stages between the three major stages.  <BR> Gilligan was a professor at Harvard University for 35 years,and is currently a professor at New York University.<BR> <BR> </SPAN><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development<BR> <BR> </SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></SPAN></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Stage 1 - (Pre-Conevntional) Orientation to Individual Survival</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Age range: not specifically identified, but most likely youth<O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Principle of stage 1: Individual survival/self-protection<O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Transition – from selfishness to responsibility to others</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> </SPAN> <P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Stage 2 - (Conventional) Goodness as Self-Sacrifice </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Age range: not listed<O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Principle of stage 2: Being good means sacrificing yourself for others<O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">            </SPAN>Transition – from “goodness” to realization that she is a person too<O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> </SPAN></SPAN> <P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Stage 3 - (Post-Conventional) Responsibility for Consequences of Choice<O:P></O:P></SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><O:P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Age range: maybe never<O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Principle of stage 3: Nonviolence: Do not hurt others or self<BR> <BR> </P> <P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Source: Gilligan, Carol.  <EM>In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development.</EM>  Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. 1982.</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><BR> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN> </P> </O:P></SPAN> <DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" id=printLink><A class=owner href="http://teacherweb.com/CA/OliverWendellHolmes/MrBryant/hf2.aspx?print=true"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><BR> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Printable Version</SPAN></SPAN></A></DIV> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN> Automatically clean input to optimize for the web. 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Theories of Moral Development

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