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ACE Notes: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS - ODDS
- EVENS
ODDS 1. The chief characteristic of hypnosis is
a.heightened arousal.
b.increased suggestibility.
c.enhanced creativity.
d.increased clairvoyance.
3. Which of the following sleep phenomena could be detected
without the aid of an EEG machine?
a.Stage 2 sleep
b.REM sleep
c.Stage 3 sleep
d.sleep spindles
5. Which of the following best describes the stability of sleep
cycles?
a.They are innate so they cannot be modified.
b.They are innate but can be modified in times of emergency.
c.They are entirely learned but are difficult to modify.
d.They are entirely learned and, thus, may be easily modified.
7. Which of the following is a goal of the therapeutic use of
sensory deprivation?
a.decompression of the ventricular system.
b.experiencing relaxation and reducing stress.
c.producing delusions.
d.producing hallucinations.
9. Beta waves are characteristic in the EEG of a person who is
a.dreaming.
b.asleep but not dreaming.
c.awake and alert.
d.in Stage 2 sleep.
11. Drug abuse associated with which of the following drugs is
correlated with breast cysts, birth defects, miscarriage, and
contributes to bladder cancer, heart problems, and high blood
pressure?
a.caffeine
b.cocaine
c.nicotine
d.heroin
13. The reduction in the body's response to a drug which may
accompany drug use is called
a.withdrawal.
b.addiction.
c.dependence.
d.tolerance.
15. A particularly dangerous (often fatal) combination of drugs is
a.marijuana and hashish.
b.amphetamines and dexedrine.
c.alcohol and barbiturates.
d.caffeine and nicotine.
17. Freud believed that, in order to protect sleep and prevent
the arousal of conscience, the content of our dreams is
a.suppressed.
b.disguised.
c.enriched.
d.synthesized.
19. When a person stops taking cocaine, all of the following
occur EXCEPT
a.occasional cravings for as long as a month.
b.depression.
c.an increased sense of energy.
d.anhedonia.
21. Smoked forms of cocaine are commonly called
a.meth.
b.crack.
c.ice.
d.uppers.
23. Someone who is hungry may show
a.an increase in dreams about food and eating.
b.a decrease in dreams about food and eating.
c.no particular increase in dreams about food and eating.
d.no increase in food symbols in their dreams.
25. Nicotine is classified as a
a.narcotic.
b.depressant.
c.relaxant.
d.stimulant.
27. Infants sleep
a.in 6-8 hour blocks of time.
b.12 hours a day.
c.in 2-4 hour blocks of time.
d.in totally irregular patterns.
29. In a newborn infant, one could expect total sleep time each
day to approach
a.24 hours.
b.20 hours.
c.12 hours.
d.8 hours.
31. Drugs with names like Xanax, Halcion, and Valium are
a.barbiturates.
b.stimulants.
c.hallucinogens.
d.tranquilizers.
33. The ordering and duration of daily sleep and waking periods
are known as
a.meridian rhythms.
b.sleep patterns.
c.REM cycles.
d.sleep stages.
35. Research suggests that the two most basic states of sleep are
a.alpha sleep and beta sleep.
b.light sleep and deep sleep.
c.REM sleep and non-REM sleep.
d.REM sleep and paradoxical sleep.
37. Hypnosis
a.was introduced by the Austrian physician, Karl Zener.
b.is characterized by brain wave patterns similar to sleep.
c.is an altered state characterized by narrowed attention and
increased openness to suggestion.
d.is a sleep state in which the subjects are partially aware of
their actions and able to perform many activities not normally
carried out during sleep.
39. Which of the following is a major way in which altered states
of consciousness are produced?
a.prolonged mental exertion
b.hypnosis
c.lucid dreaming
d.maintaining routine sleep patterns
41. Night terrors most often occur during
a.Stage 1 NREM sleep.
b.Stage 2 REM sleep.
c.Stage 3 NREM sleep.
d.Stage 4 NREM sleep.
43. Lindsay is having trouble going to sleep. Which food would be
recommended for her to eat if she wanted to increase her intake
of tryptophan?
a.a turkey sandwich and a banana
b.a hamburger
c.fruit salad
d.a glass of red wine
45. Immediately before sleep the EEG shifts to patterns of larger
and slower waves called __________ waves.
a.alpha
b.beta
c.delta
d.spindle
47. Dreams usually
a.occur twice nightly.
b.last only about five minutes each.
c.are about ninety minutes apart with each succeeding dream
lasting a little longer.
d.are instantaneous, being a flash of visual images.
49. Which stage of sleep typically has spindles?
a.first
b.second
c.third
d.fourth
51. That there is a need for REM sleep is suggested by
a.REM rebound.
b.REM tolerance.
c.eye movements accompanying REM sleep.
d.emotional catharsis during REM sleep.
53. Recent evidence suggests that THC, the active ingredient in
marijuana,
a.is harmless.
b.is physically addictive.
c.is fatal in mild doses.
d.accumulates in fatty tissue.
55. A sleep disturbance characterized by snoring, short silences,
and gasps is called
a.sleep apnea.
b.narcolepsy.
c.somnambulism.
d.insomnia.
57. Some physicians believe that SIDS, or crib death, may be
caused by
a.prematurity.
b.sleep apnea.
c.narcolepsy.
d.snoring.
59. Which of the following is a correct match?
a.Stage 1 - light sleep
b.Stage 2 - beta waves
c.Stage 3 - alpha waves
d.Stage 4 - sleep spindles
61. Sleeptalking
a.occurs most often in association with night terrors.
b.is the outward expression of dream content.
c.occurs during sleep stages 3 and 4.
d.occurs during REM sleep and is therefore rather brief.
63. Treatment for alcoholism generally begins with
a.vitamin therapy.
b.tranquilizers.
c.psychotherapy.
d.detoxification.
65. People dream
a.about 15 minutes during the night.
b.about every 30 minutes in each 90 minute cycle.
c.more often in NREM sleep than in REM sleep.
d.about 90 minutes a night.
67. Which of the following occurs during dream sleep?
a.irregular heart rate and blood pressure
b.delta waves
c.increased muscle tension
d.sleep walking
69. In Stage __________, a new brain wave begins to appear.
__________ waves are very large and slow and signal deeper sleep
and a further loss of consciousness.
a.one; Alpha
b.two; Delta
c.three; Delta
d.four; Alpha
71. Many of the chemicals released by a burning cigarette are
a.harmless.
b.carcinogens.
c.unknown.
d.tetrahydrines.
73. Which waves are characteristic of stage 1 or light sleep?
a.beta waves
b.large regular waves with some sleep spindles
c.small irregular waves with some alpha waves
d.delta waves
75. A person experiences blind panic, screaming, and thrashing
around during the terror. This episode is called
a.a nightmare.
b.a night terror.
c.a REM rebound episode.
d.paradoxical sleep.
77. Which of the following statements concerning marijuana is
TRUE?
a.There is a direct link between marijuana and lung cancer.
b.Long-term marijuana users show no impairments of thinking
abilities.
c.Marijuana temporarily lowers sperm production in males.
d.Marijuana is extremely harmful.
79. At the center of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of
dreaming is the need to
a.give expression to unfulfilled wishes.
b.provide an outlet for repressed thoughts.
c.provide explanations for physiological activity.
d.exhibit socially acceptable behavior.
81. EEG records indicate that during sleep the brain
a.increases its activity.
b.changes its pattern of activity.
c.reduces its activity.
d.shuts down.
EVENS 2. The most frequently used psychoactive drug in the United
States is
a.marijuana.
b.cocaine.
c.alcohol.
d.caffeine.
4.Dissociation or a split in awareness is an experience commonly
associated with
a.hypnotic induction.
b.amphetamine intoxication.
c.withdrawal symptoms.
d.relaxation training.
6. A loud noise awakens you; you emerge from sleep confused and
do not remember the noise. You were in which stage of sleep?
a.Stage 1
b.Stage 2
c.Stage 3
d.Stage 4
8. Hypnotized subjects who were told to plunge one hand into a
painful bath of ice water, and were told to feel no pain,
a.awoke from their hypnosis.
b.wrote "it hurts" with their free hand.
c.did not feel any pain.
d.went into a coma.
10. Physical cravings for a drug and unpleasant reactions when
the drug is withheld are signs of
a.drug tolerance.
b.psychological dependence.
c.emotional dependence.
d.physical addiction.
12. Which of the following drugs is physically addictive?
a.morphine
b.cocaine
c.heroin
d.all of these
14. A sudden, irresistible urge to sleep, which lasts a few
minutes to half an hour during the daytime, is called
a.narcolepsy.
b.hypersomnia.
c.sleep apnea.
d.sleepwalking disorder.
16. The surest way to alter human consciousness is
a.through meditation.
b.by sleeping.
c.to administer a psychoactive drug.
d.to use sensory deprivation.
18. A sleep disturbance in which one awakens several times during
the night and has difficulty returning to sleep is
a.narcolepsy.
b.sleep apnea.
c.somnambulism.
d.insomnia.
20. Which of the following is most likely to occur as a
consequence of hypnosis?
a.increase in strength to superhuman levels
b.genuine regression to earlier age levels
c.altered sensory experiences
d.increased clarity and accuracy of memory
22. Confusion, disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations are
characteristic of
a.microsleeps.
b.circadian rhythms.
c.sleep deprivation psychosis.
d.sleep narcosis.
24. During hypnosis, EEG (brain-wave) recordings
a.resemble those obtained during sleep.
b.resemble those obtained when a person is awake.
c.slow almost to a stop.
d.show clearly identifiable "trance waves."
26. The safest sleep position for most infants in order to
prevent SIDS is
a.face down.
b.on their backs or sides.
c.REM rebound.
d.none of these.
28. The most common reactions to sleep loss up to 48 hours
a.include inattention, staring, and tremor of the hands.
b.include hallucinations and delusions.
c.include insomnia.
d.are similar to those found in psychosis.
30. Our sleep rhythms are tied to a 24-hour day because
a.the time of peak activity is invariant from person to person.
b.they are tied to external time markers like light and dark.
c.they have adapted to technological improvements made in the
last century.
d.everyone needs at least 8 hours of sleep every night.
32. Substances capable of altering human consciousness are
classified as
a.pharmacologic drugs.
b.addictive.
c.psychoactive drugs.
d.narcotics.
34. The major cause of temporary insomnia is
a.REM deprivation.
b.worry, stress, or excitement.
c.drop in blood sugar during the night.
d.stress combined with the use of sleeping pills.
36. When a person is shut off from the world such that he or she
cannot even tell what time it is by light or dark, their sleep-
waking cycle
a.stays at about 24 hours.
b.shortens to an average of about 20 hours.
c.lengthens to an average of about 25 hours.
d.becomes completely disrupted.
38. The rhythms of sleep and waking
a.coincide with cycles of the moon.
b.are considerably shorter than 24 hours.
c.are about 24 hours long.
d.average around 36 hours.
40. The average ratio of time awake to time asleep is
a.1 to 1.
b.2 to 1.
c.3 to 1.
d.unknown.
42. According to Freud, dreams are very often a means of
a.wish fulfillment.
b.solving daytime problems.
c.telling oneself what's missing in one's life.
d.categorizing one's experience.
44. Excessive daytime sleepiness is a condition called
a.narcolepsy.
b.hypersomnia.
c.sleep apnea.
d.sleepwalking disorder.
46. Perhaps the best known hallucinogen is
a.cocaine.
b.alcohol.
c.LSD.
d.nicotine.
48. Which of the following is a primary characteristic of dream
sleep?
a.irregular heart rate and blood pressure
b.sexual arousal
c.increased muscle tension
d.rapid eye movements
50. NREM sleep occurs mainly in
a.Stage 2 sleep.
b.Stage 3 sleep.
c.Stage 4 sleep.
d.all of these.
52. Hypnosis is particularly useful
a.for test taking due to increased memory.
b.in helping a subject regress to childhood.
c.for creating momentary superhuman bursts of strength.
d.in controlling phantom limb pain.
54. Short-term drug use based largely on curiosity is called
a.experimental.
b.compulsive.
c.situational.
d.regressive.
56. Hypnosis currently has its greatest value as a(n)
a.cure-all counseling approach.
b.combination treatment with acupuncture and massage.
c.tool for inducing relaxation.
d.valuable technique for uncovering repressed memories.
58. __________ is an amino acid that can help people sleep and
can be found in a glass of __________.
a.Teratogen; orange juice
b.Tetracycline; natural sparkling water
c.Tryptophan; milk
d.Thalidomide; wine
60. Which of the following is classified as a stimulant?
a.alcohol
b.cocaine
c.marijuana
d.morphine
62. Which of the following could you learn to do in your sleep?
a.math
b.foreign language
c.touch a switch on cue
d.dream analysis
64. If you suffered sleep deprivation, what type of effect would
occur first?
a.hallucinations and delusions
b.loss of ability to pay attention and perform simple routine
tasks
c.both long-term and short-term memory loss
d.coma
66. A very stressful day is likely to increase the amount of
a.somnambulism.
b.sleep talking.
c.NREM sleep.
d.REM sleep.
68. Extensive study of dreams indicates that
a.nearly all dreams are sexual.
b.most dreams are extensions of everyday experience.
c.pleasant emotions are more frequent in dreams than unpleasant.
d.the content of dreams usually deals with psychological violence.
70. Cocaine achieves its effect through the chemical messengers
a.dopamine and noradrenaline.
b.noradrenaline and THC.
c.sopor and phosphene.
d.RNA and adrenaline.
72. As the muscles in your body relax during Stage 1 sleep, the
reflex muscle contraction that may happen is called
a.an autonomic cramp.
b.a hypnic jerk.
c.restless leg syndrome.
d.hypnogogic image syndrome.
74. Alcohol is classified as a
a.stimulant.
b.depressant.
c.hallucinogen.
d.barbiturate.
76. REM sleep makes up about __________ percent of total sleep.
a.10
b.20
c.30
d.40
78. To be conscious means to be __________ .
a.dreaming
b.aware
c.dynamic
d.in REM
80. The drug in America that causes the most damage is
a.marijuana.
b.heroin.
c.alcohol.
d.cocaine.
82. A person who has trouble getting to sleep is said to suffer
from
a.narcolepsy.
b.sleep apnea.
c.insomnia.
d.somnambulism.
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