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Chapter 6: Sensation & Perception - Sensation ODDS
- Sensation EVENS
- Perception ODDS
- Perception EVENS
Sensation ODDS 1. In bright light, the iris __________ and the pupil __________
to control the amount of light entering the eye.
a. expands; constricts
b. constricts; expands
c. focuses; constricts
d. constricts; focuses
3. Information picked up by the body's receptor cells is termed
a. cognition
b. perception.
c. adaptation.
d. sensation.
5. Hearing aids are of no use to an individual with __________
deafness.
a. ossicle
b. nerve
c. conduction
d. auditory
7. The idea that the amount of change in a stimulus necessary to
produce a JND is a constant proportion of the stimulus intensity
is called
a. James' law.
b. the all-or-none principle.
c. the law of diminishing returns.
d. Weber's law.
9. A researcher presents two lights of varying brightness to a
subject who is asked to respond "same" or "different" by
comparing their intensities. The researcher is seeking the
a. just noticeable difference.
b. absolute threshold.
c. subliminal threshold.
d. minimal threshold.
11. Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into
lines, angles, shading, and movement are called
a. sight cells.
b. second stage sensors.
c. feature detectors.
d. vision neurons.
13. Photoreceptors are the __________ sensitive cells that line
the retina.
a. wide band
b. narrow band
c. combination
d. light
15. It is now believed that subliminal advertising
a. is a powerful influence and should be legally controlled.
b. is effective only when used in wide-screen movies.
c. is successful because the stimuli used register unconsciously.
d. has a weak effect, if any at all.
17. Subliminal perception
a. involves the presentation of stimuli too rapidly or too weakly
to be consciously recognized.
b. has not been used by advertisers in an attempt to increase
sales.
c. has dramatic effects on a person's emotions.
d. changes an individual's intended behavior.
19. Which sensory receptor is found in greatest numbers in the
skin?
a. touch receptors
b. warmth receptors
c. pressure receptors
d. pain receptors
21. Limen refers to
a. a threshold.
b. perceptual defense.
c. a sensation.
d. subliminal messages.
23. Hearing loss caused when the eardrums or ossicles are damaged
by disease or injury is called
a. Hunter's notch.
b. conduction deafness.
c. stimulation deafness.
d. nerve deafness.
25. What sensory organs responsible for balance are also related
to motion sickness?
a. ciliary muscles.
b. the cochlea.
c. the olfactory bulb.
d. the semicircular canals
27. The organ of hearing, where sensitive cells respond to
auditory stimuli, is known as the
a. auditory ossicles.
b. retina.
c. cochlea.
d. oval window.
29. The iris controls the
a. thickness of the lens.
b. size of the pupil.
c. flexibility of the cornea.
d. distance between the lens and retina.
31. The psychological dimension corresponding to the amplitude of
light waves is
a. hue.
b. brightness.
c. transparency.
d. timbre.
33. Airborne chemical signals which greatly affect mating, sexual
behavior, and territorial marking among animals are called
a. hormones.
b. pheromones.
c. anosmias.
d. lock and key signals.
35. Which theory of hearing explains the perception of higher
sounds?
a. tone
b. place
c. frequency
d. auditory
37. Visual acuity is best when
a. an image falls on the rods.
b. colors at the edges of the visible spectrum are used.
c. an image falls on the fovea.
d. both the rods and the cones are used.
39. When an image is stabilized on the retina, after a brief
period of time the image
a. is seen with normal visual acuity.
b. is seen with better than normal acuity.
c. fades and disappears.
d. becomes distorted in shape and color.
41. The part of the eye where the optic nerve leaves the eye is
called the
a. lens.
b. retina.
c. blind spot.
d. pupil.
43. Night vision is mainly due to an increase in
a. rhodopsin.
b. visual acuity.
c. peripheral vision.
d. the sensitivity of the lens.
45. The minimum amount of energy needed for a sensation to occur
is called
a. the absolute threshold.
b. a transducer.
c. data reduction.
d. minimal level.
47. Which of the following is a skin sensation?
a. oomami
b. olfaction
c. pain
d. gravity
49. The stimuli for audition are
a. sound pressure waves.
b. transduction waves.
c. electrical waves.
d. auditrons.
51. Kinesthetic sensation results from
a. receptors in the inner ear that signal balance.
b. receptors in the skin.
c. mechanical distortion of the semi-circular canals.
d. receptors in the muscles and joints responding to movement.
53. The conversion of electromagnetic energy into a neural
impulse involves
a. feature analysis.
b. phosphenes.
c. transduction.
d. localization of function.
55. The amount of change necessary in a given stimulus to produce
a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the
original stimulus. This defines
a. perceptual constancy.
b. perceptual set.
c. Weber's Law.
d. psychophysics.
57. Humans respond to different wavelengths of light by
experiencing differing
a. hues.
b. levels of brightness.
c. amounts of saturation.
d. amplitudes.
59. The scientific term for farsightedness is
a. hyperopia.
b. myopia.
c. retinitis.
d. astigmatism.
61. The three small bones of the inner ear are called the
a. cochlear bones.
b. tympanic bones.
c. basilar ossicles.
d. auditory ossicles.
63. Which of the following body areas is most sensitive to pain?
a. the buttocks
b. the cheek
c. the thumb pad
d. behind the knee
65. Taste buds are mainly located
a. near the back of the tongue.
b. near the tip of the tongue.
c. near the middle of the tongue.
d. on the top side of the tongue especially around the edges.
67. The most widely accepted explanation for motion sickness is
provided by
a. dynamic movement theory.
b. sensory conflict theory.
c. integration of the senses theory.
d. the Gestalt principles of perception.
69. In the auditory system, the first anatomical structure to
respond to the sound wave is/are the
a. auditory ossicles.
b. cochlea.
c. eardrum.
d. round window.
71. Messages from the body's pain warning system
a. close the spinal gate directly.
b. pass through the pain gate and on to a "central biasing
system."
c. inhibit the production of endorphins.
d. are processed in the right hemisphere.
73. The __________ theory explains how sounds up to 4000 hertz
reach the brain.
a. place
b. auditory
c. frequency
d. tone
75. A system is developed where a television camera produces
an "image" of touch points applied to the back of a blind person.
Such a system involves
a. a conversion of light into JNDs.
b. transducing light into pressure.
c. the mechanical production of phosphenes.
d. applying the "lock and key" theory of touch.
77. A popular theory of olfaction which states that odors are
related to the shapes of chemical molecules is the __________
theory.
a. flavor/fragrance
b. place
c. lock and key
d. frequency
79. Film is to camera as __________ is to eye.
a. retina
b. iris
c. lens
d. pupil
81. One of the characteristics that all sensory systems have in
common is
a. electromagnetic sensitivity.
b. transduction.
c. conversion.
d. corticalization.
83. Skin senses, kinesthetic senses, and vestibular senses
comprise which sense system?
a. perceptual feedback system
b. somesthetic sense system
c. signal balance system
d. motion sense system
85. The theory of color vision which states that the visual
system analyzes information into "either-or" messages is the
__________ theory.
a. opponent-process
b. trichromatic
c. primary-color
d. polaroid
87. Black and white vision with greatest sensitivity under low
levels of illumination describes the function of
a. the cones.
b. the visual pigments.
c. the rods.
d. the phosphenes.
89. One of the more touch-sensitive areas of the human body is the
a. face.
b. thigh.
c. back.
d. upper arm.
91. After a musical concert that you enjoyed without distraction,
a companion complains that she heard little of the music due to
frequent shuffling and throat-clearing in the audience. The
difference in your experience and hers is related to
a. just noticeable differences.
b. subliminal thresholds.
c. sensory adaptation.
d. selective attention.
93. Visual problems such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and
astigmatism are the result of
a. irregularities in the visual cortex.
b. nutritional or traumatic damage to the sensory nerves.
c. physical abnormalities in the structure of the eye.
d. defective processing of sensory information in the visual
cortex.
95. Localization of function means that
a. sense organs respond to only one form of stimulation.
b. specific areas of the brain are specialized to interpret input
from particular sense organs.
c. each sense system has the means of detecting, encoding, and
interpreting sensory information in a particular sense organ.
d. the nature of one's experience of a stimulus depends entirely
on where it is located in the visual field.
97. The sensation you experience ultimately depends on which of
the following?
a. the nature of the sensory receptors activated
b. the particular processes involved in transduction
c. the particular area of the brain that is activated
d. the pathways traveled by nerve impulses from sensory receptors
99. Trichromatic theory states that there are three kinds of
__________ in the eye.
a. rods
b. iopolar cells
c. ganglion cells
d. cones
Sensation EVENS 2. The pain-killing effects of acupuncture may be related to
a. sensory adaptation.
b. stabilization of physiological nystagmus.
c. the triggering of perceptual defense systems.
d. release of endorphins.
4. The function of the lens is to
a. locate an image.
b. focus an image on the retina.
c. combine the location and projection on the blind spot.
d. project an image on the cornea.
6. Information processed below the normal level of awareness is
called
a. adaptive.
b. subnormal.
c. psychophysical.
d. subliminal.
8. Neural circuits of many sensory systems
a. respond to specific stimulus patterns.
b. respond to the whole visual field.
c. respond primarily to stationary objects.
d. develop only after birth.
10. Seeing out of the corner of your eye, often important in
sports activities and driving, is called
a. tunnel vision.
b. peripheral vision.
c. astigmatism.
d. feature detection.
12. Which would represent the greatest loss to a professional
wine taster or chef?
a. vestibular loss
b. injury to the pinna
c. olfactory loss
d. injury to the cochlea
14. Difference thresholds
a. occur when we can first detect some stimulus.
b. occur when we can detect the change in the intensity of a
stimulus.
c. depend on the energy necessary to stimulate a sensory receptor.
d. are measured in Judgmental Normal Differences.
16. In order for a frog's visual "bug-detector" to work, the bug
must be
a. colored.
b. coming closer to the frog.
c. stationary.
d. moving.
18. A visual defect known as astigmatism is the result of
a. an eyeball that is too short.
b. an eyeball that is too long.
c. an abnormal distribution of visual receptors in the retina.
d. a misshapen cornea or lens.
20. requency is to __________ as amplitude is to __________.
a. compression; rarefaction
b. rarefaction; compression
c. pitch; loudness
d. loudness; pitch
22. The process where the lens of the eye changes shape is called
a. accommodation.
b. plasticity.
c. adaptation.
d. regulation.
24. The incoming flow of information from our sensory systems is
referred to as
a. sensation.
b. perception.
c. adaptation.
d. cognition.
26. The cones of the retina
a. are densely packed in an area called the fovea.
b. are specialized for black and white sensations.
c. function best in dim light.
d. are not well specialized for fine detail.
28. Myopia is the condition of the eyes in which the person cannot
a. focus on distant objects.
b. see very well in dim illumination.
c. focus on objects near the eyes.
d. see clearly because the lens is pigmented.
30. Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into
lines, angles, shading and movement are called
a. sight cells.
b. second stage sensors.
c. feature detectors.
d. vision neurons.
32. Sense receptors are biological transducers, which means that
they
a. select from a broad range of stimulation.
b. analyze the environment into important features.
c. convert one form of energy to another.
d. detect only a limited range of energies.
34. In the eye, focusing is accomplished by
a. changing the thickness of the cornea.
b. relaxing or constricting the fovea.
c. changing the distance between the lens and the retina.
d. changing the thickness (or shape) of the lens.
36. Which theory of color vision is correct?
a. opponent-process
b. trichromatic
c. afterimage
d. both opponent-process and trichromatic
38. Skin mapping indicates that
a. the forearm is the most sensitive area of the body.
b. skin receptors are found in varying concentrations, reflecting
the sensitivity of the body areas.
c. pain receptors do not vary in concentration, but are uniform
for all parts of the body.
d. temperature sensitivity is greatest in the chest and trunk
areas.
40. Visual perception is ultimately a function of the
a. muscular movements of the eye.
b. neural activity of the rods and cones.
c. particular pathways over which neural impulses travel.
d. neural activity in the brain.
42. The point at which a change in sensory stimulation is
detected is called the
a. absolute threshold.
b. psychophysical equation.
c. just noticeable difference.
d. Weber Effect.
44. The vestibular sense helps keep us from
a. eating too much.
b. starving to death.
c. being blinded by the sun.
d. falling over.
46. The electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light, infrared
and ultraviolet light, radio waves, and
a. a broad range of nerve impulses.
b. television broadcasts, gamma rays, and other energies.
c. a single form of energy.
d. many kinds of nerve impulses.
48. Taste buds sensitive to sweet substances are found primarily
on the __________ of the tongue.
a. tip
b. side
c. back
d. middle
50. The __________ theory explains that hearing high or low tones
depends upon which area of the cochlea is most strongly
stimulated.
a. tone
b. place
c. frequency
d. auditory
52. The stapes is attached to a second membrane, or drumhead,
called the __________. As this moves back and forth, it makes
waves in a fluid within the __________.
a. cochlea; eardrum
b. eardrum; tympanic membrane
c. cochlea; oval window
d. oval window; cochlea
54. The three auditory ossicles are the malleus, incus, and the
a. stapes.
b. anvil.
c. cochlea.
d. organ of Corti.
56. Sense organs in the joints and muscles contribute to our
__________ sense.
a. skin
b. kinesthetic
c. pressure
d. temperature
58. The part of the eye that focuses the image is called the
a. lens.
b. retina.
c. iris.
d. pupil.
60. Olfaction is another name for the sense of
a. taste.
b. smell.
c. hearing.
d. vision.
62. That humans are not visually sensitive to ultraviolet
radiation suggests that sensory systems function as
a. transducers.
b. encoding systems.
c. feature detectors.
d. data reduction systems.
64. Subliminal perception
a. involves the presentation of stimuli rapidly but strong enough
to be consciously recognized.
b. has been used by advertising companies and politicians in an
attempt to increase sales or change opinions.
c. has strong emotional effects on a person.
d. has been shown to make people by popcorn when used in movie
theaters.
66. According to Weber's Law, if two light bulbs must go out in a
room in which twenty are burning to make the room noticeably
dimmer, then a room in which forty are burning will become
noticeably dimmer when __________ bulbs go out.
a. two
b. four
c. six
d. eight
68. Sensory adaptation refers to a decrease in sensory response
that accompanies
a. perceptual defense.
b. threshold shifts.
c. an unchanging stimulus.
d. selective attention.
70. The ringing sensation following exposure to loud sounds is
called
a. olfaction.
b. tinnitus.
c. anosmia.
d. gustation.
72. That you do not hear the traffic outside your psychology
class because you are engrossed in the lecture is a good example
of
a. sensory gating.
b. sensory adaptation.
c. selective attention.
d. selective detention.
74. The final step (within the ear) required to convert
vibrations into sound sensations is movement of the
a. hair cells.
b. cochlea.
c. pinna.
d. ossicles.
76. When you were in seventh grade, you had to get glasses
because you could not see the board at school. Your vision
problem is called
a. hyperopia.
b. astigmatism.
c. presbyopia.
d. myopia.
78. Which theory of hearing explains the perception of lower sou
ds?
a. tone
b. place
c. frequency
d. auditory
80. New mothers who are emotionally depressed take longer than
non-depressed women to recognize pictures related to pregnancy,
birth, and babies. This is an example of
a. aversive stimulation.
b. perceptual defense.
c. absolute threshold.
d. unconscious guard.
82. A "silent" dog whistle takes advantage of a characteristic of
sensory systems known as
a. the absolute threshold.
b. the difference threshold.
c. perceptual defense.
d. a just noticeable difference.
84. Melzack and Wall's theory that some pain messages can block
other pain messages is called
a. physiological nystagmus.
b. endorphin theory.
c. gate control theory.
d. receptor interlocking.
86. __________ is concerned with relating changes in physical
stimuli to corresponding psychological sensations.
a. Physiological psychology
b. Psychokinesis
c. Psychophysics
d. Psychometry
88. The fact that we see negative afterimages supports which
theory of color vision?
a. opponent-process
b. trichromatic
c. image formation
d. both opponent-process and trichromatic
90. Unpleasant stimuli may raise the threshold for recognition.
This phenomenon is called
a. aversive stimulation.
b. absolute threshold.
c. perceptual defense.
d. unconscious guard.
92. Sensory adaptation is normally most rapid for the sense of
a. vision.
b. olfaction.
c. taste.
d. kinesthesis.
94. The external, or visible, part of the ear is called the
a. cochlea.
b. pinna.
c. inner ear.
d. tympanic membrane.
96. The cones of the retina
a. are densely packed in the periphery of the retina.
b. are specialized for black, white, and gray sensations.
c. function best in bright light.
d. are responsible for night vision.
98. The frequency of a sound determines its
a. hue.
b. intensity.
c. amplitude.
d. pitch.
100. The Ishihara test
a. is a test for color deficiencies.
b. consists of colored chips that must be placed in a row.
c. is scored as incorrect if you see dots and figures.
d. is the only means of assessing true color blindness.
Perception ODDS 1. Experiments involving infants' perception of 3-D figures, when
combined with visual cliff data, suggest that
a. at least some level of depth perception is innate.
b. depth perception is heavily dependent on skillful motor
coordination.
c. depth perception is almost entirely learned.
d. neither innate mechanisms nor learning have much effect on
depth perception.
3. If you stand in the middle of a cobblestone street, the street
will look coarse near your feet and finer if you look into the
distance. This is called
a. texture gradient.
b. linear perspective.
c. relative size.
d. relative motion.
5. Internal standards used to judge stimuli are referred to as
a. adaptation level.
b. context.
c. intuition.
d. frames of reference.
7. An industrial psychologist interested in human factors would
most likely participate in
a. the collection of biodata.
b. vocational interest testing.
c. an assessment center evaluation.
d. machine design.
9. You are sitting in the pit area at the Indianapolis 500. You
closely watch one of the cars whiz around on the track in front
of the seething mass of humanity crammed into the stands. You
have organized this visual scene such that the race car is
__________ and the people and the stands are __________.
a. figure; ground
b. ground; figure
c. figure; common region
d. common region; camouflage
11. The underlying mechanism for perceptual expectancies is
a. a misleading perception that distorts or misjudges a stimulus.
b. top-down processing.
c. the organization of perception by beginning with low-level
features.
d. bottom-up processing.
13. Inductive reasoning goes from the specific to the general.
Which of the following is analogous to inductive reasoning?
a. top-down processing
b. bottom-up processing
c. perceptual expectancies
d. illusions
15. The tendency to group together objects that are the same
size, shape, color, or form is known as
a. closure.
b. continuation.
c. similarity.
d. nearness.
17. Closure, nearness, similarity, and continuation are
categories of
a. perceptual (Gestalt) organization.
b. cognitive style.
c. cognitive organization.
d. perceptual integration.
19. The tendency to fill in gaps in the perception of a figure is
called
a. sensory completion.
b. closure.
c. figure-ground.
d. continuation.
21. A 70-year-old man defines middle age as 50 years of age. A 10-
year-old child defines middle age as 35 years of age. Their
estimates differ because of
a. selective attention.
b. perceptual constancy.
c. perceptual defense.
d. their frame of reference.
23. The text's illustration of the police officer's
faulty "eyewitness" identification is an example of
a. the fact that perceptions are often reconstructions of events.
b. the low degree of accuracy of human psi phenomena.
c. perceptual closure operating in a real life situation.
d. an "innocence of vision" in stressful situations.
25. Attention is aroused by
a. subtle differences in stimuli.
b. bright stimuli.
c. contrast or change in stimulation.
d. subliminal stimuli.
27. Interposition is the pictorial depth cue more commonly known
as
a. relative motion.
b. overlap.
c. linear perspective.
d. motion parallax.
29. Improved research techniques in parapsychology have resulted
in
a. the ability to repeat spectacular results.
b. more positive results.
c. less skepticism among scientists.
d. fewer positive results.
31. The purported ability to perceive events at a distance or
through physical barriers is termed
a. clairvoyance.
b. telepathy.
c. precognition.
d. psychokinesis.
33. A white shirt reflects more light outdoors than in a dimly
lit room; however, it is seen as being equally bright in both
places. This demonstrates the role of __________ in perception.
a. brightness constancy
b. lightness constancy
c. brightness parallax
d. visual system limitations
35. __________ processing is like putting together a picture
puzzle you've never seen before.
a. Bottom-up
b. Top-down
c. Left-right
d. Selective
37. A major criticism of ESP research is that
a. if the experimenter really believes in ESP, he or she is much
more likely to interpret coincidence as cause-and-effect.
b. ESP researchers have made no attempt to be objective or
scientific.
c. parapsychological skills are too consistent to be real.
d. researchers have been unwilling to investigate psychic
phenomena in laboratory settings.
39. The tendency to complete a figure is called
a. continuation.
b. similarity.
c. continuity.
d. closure.
41. The bodily depth cue generated by changes in the shape of the
lens is called
a. retinal disparity.
b. aerial perspective.
c. accommodation.
d. convergence.
43. A "guess" about what a sensation represents that is held
until more information is available is referred to as a
a. cognitive style.
b. perceptual hypothesis.
c. sensory hypothesis.
d. perceptual closure.
45. Which of the following illustrates the principle of
contiguity?
a. the "false dawn" before a sunrise
b. the shadows cast on a cloudy day
c. a person "lip-syncing" to a record
d. a darker balloon seen as farther away than a lighter one
47. A widespread increase in the reported sightings of UFOs
following newspaper reports of similar sightings may be
attributed to
a. perceptual defense.
b. coordinated perceptual set.
c. mass hallucination.
d. perceptual expectancy.
49. The information surrounding a stimulus is known as the
a. adaptation level.
b. context.
c. aura.
d. internal frame of reference.
51. The stimuli below are seen as one group of circles
and one group of squares due to the organizational principle of
(see graphic online)
a. similarity.
b. nearness.
c. closure.
d. continuity.
53. Assembling sensations into usable patterns is called
a. attention.
b. evaluation.
c. habituation.
d. perception.
55. When Jewish subjects tried to remember briefly flashed groups
of stimuli, they recognized fewer items when one was a swastika.
This was because
a. they were concentrating harder on the other stimuli.
b. the stimuli were figures which had no meaning.
c. their attention was shifted away from other information.
d. their attention span decreased with constant repetition of the
stimuli.
57. Even though the retinal image of an object may change
drastically, the object appears unchanged. This is the principle
underlying
a. perceptual closure.
b. shape constancy.
c. ambiguous stimuli.
d. retinal disparity.
59. The film Star Wars created illusions of depth by quickly
changing images of the sizes of planets and starships using the
pictorial depth cue called
a. convergence.
b. accommodation.
c. linear perspective.
d. relative size.
61. Experiments with the visual cliff show that
a. human infants are aware of shape constancy.
b. human and animal depth perception is entirely learned.
c. perceptual grouping does not begin until a baby is from six to
fourteen months old.
d. human infants perceive depth by the age of six months.
63. The stimuli below are organized as three columns rather than
six columns because of the organizational principle of
XX XX XX
XX XX XX
XX XX XX
XX XX XX
XX XX XX
a. similarity.
b. nearness.
c. closure.
d. continuity.
65. Which of the following is a monocular depth cue?
a. linear perspective
b. retinal disparity
c. convergence
d. divergence
67. An imaginary perception, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling
something that does not exist in the external world is called a(n)
a. illusion.
b. hallucination.
c. stroboscopic movement.
d. Müller-Lyer illusion.
69. The __________ believe that depth perception is inborn.
a. nativists
b. empiricists
c. humanists
d. behaviorists
71. The analysis of information starting with pre-existing
knowledge in order to organize features into a meaningful whole
is known as
a. perceptual expectancy.
b. top-down processing.
c. bottom-up processing.
d. Gregory's phenomenon.
73. Highway engineers sometimes paint stripes on freeway off-
ramps to enhance the perception of depth, using the cue of
a. aerial perspective.
b. parallax.
c. texture gradients.
d. overlap.
75. To perceive the size of an object remaining the same even
though the retinal image changes is called
a. perceptual closure.
b. size constancy.
c. retinal disparity.
d. psychophysics.
77. The idea that many people seem unable to detect gradual but
deadly trends in modern civilization is an example of
a. the "Hawthorne Effect."
b. the "Boiled Frog Syndrome."
c. the "Zeigarnik Effect."
d. the "von Restorff Phenomenon."
79. A field that focuses primarily on the psychology of work and
adaptation of machines for human use is
a. engineering psychology.
b. systems psychology.
c. social psychology.
d. environmental psychology.
81. The ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately
judge distances is called
a. size constancy.
b. shape constancy.
c. depth perception.
d. perceptual organization.
83. Disney's cartoons are made up of thousands of still pictures,
but we see motion in these cartoons because of
a. motion parallax.
b. linear perspective.
c. stroboscopic movement.
d. the Müller-Lyer illusion.
85. Placing priorities on sensory messages occurs in the process
of
a. selective attention.
b. divided perception.
c. repetitious stimulation.
d. subliminal attention.
87. Television ads that are in black and white are just trying to
take advantage of which attention getting technique?
a. loudness
b. motion
c. contrast
d. repetition
89. The analysis of information starting with features and
building into a complete perception is known as
a. perceptual expectancy.
b. top-down processing.
c. bottom-up processing.
d. Gregory's phenomenon.
91. The illusion that railroad tracks come together in the
distance involves the depth cue of
a. atmospheric perspective.
b. texture gradient.
c. light and shadow.
d. linear perspective.
Perception EVENS 2. When infants are placed in the middle of a visual cliff, they
usually
a. remain still.
b. move to the shallow side of the apparatus.
c. move to the deep side of the apparatus.
d. approach their mothers when called, whether that requires
moving to the shallow or deep side.
4. When traveling in a car, near objects seem to move past you
faster than distant objects. This is called
a. aerial perspective.
b. linear perspective.
c. relative size.
d. relative motion.
6. Illusions are
a. distortions of existing stimuli.
b. the same as hallucinations.
c. the result of innate mechanisms.
d. not based on external reality.
8. The fact that we can walk and chew gum at the same time
illustrates that
a. our attention depends on different motor systems.
b. we use selective attention.
c. we use divided attention.
d. we use sequential attention.
10. The fact that objects that are near each other tend to be
grouped together is known as
a. closure.
b. continuation.
c. similarity.
d. nearness.
12. Which of the following is considered a monocular cue for
depth?
a. convergence
b. accommodation
c. depth perspective
d. singularity
14. Compared to males who had not read a sexually arousing
written passage, males who had read the passage were
a. more likely to perceive a female as attractive.
b. less likely to perceive a female as attractive.
c. no more likely to perceive a female as attractive.
d. greatly affected in their rates of habituation to an
attractive female.
16. As a door opens toward you, you perceive it as a rectangular
door rather than going through actual image changes on the retina
(from rectangular to trapezoid). This is an example of
a. perceptual closure.
b. shape constancy.
c. ambiguous stimuli.
d. retinal disparity.
18. A man 6 feet in height will look "tall" when surrounded by
others of average height, and "short" among a group of
professional basketball players. This is an example of
a. inverted vision.
b. active movement.
c. adaptation level.
d. context.
20. Twenty extremely accurate clocks are locked in two bank
vaults (ten in each). A subject who claims to have paranormal
powers concentrates on the clocks in one of the vaults,
attempting to make them run faster. If she succeeds, she will
have demonstrated
a. clairvoyance.
b. telepathy.
c. mesmerism.
d. psychokinesis.
22. The organizational principle demonstrated by the stimuli
below is known as
XOXOX
XOXOX
XOXOX
XOXOX
XOXOX
a. continuity.
b. figure-ground.
c. similarity.
d. nearness.
24. You observe two cars of identical make and model. Although
one roars away and its image on your retina is changed, you still
perceive the cars as identical. This phenomenon is
a. size constancy.
b. shape constancy.
c. concept constancy.
d. form constancy.
26. Decreased perceptual response to a repeated stimulus is called
a. habituation.
b. selective attention.
c. divided attention.
d. hallucination.
28. The most convincing evidence that depth perception is native
to humans (and possibly other species) is its
a. importance in adaptive activity.
b. early emergence as a perceptual skill.
c. integration with motor skills.
d. reliance on monocular and binocular cues.
30. Research evidence has shown that the presence of a weapon
a. increases the accuracy of the account.
b. reduces the ambiguity of the interpretation of the situation.
c. impairs an eyewitness's accuracy of a description of a suspect.
d. allows an eyewitness to remember the event longer.
32. A cheetah scrambling up a rocky slope in Montana is likely to
be perceived as a mountain lion because
a. perception is guided by expectations.
b. figure and ground have been confused.
c. contiguity is a powerful influence on perception.
d. the setting provides an ideal camouflage.
34. The most basic source of normal depth perception and
stereoscopic vision is
a. accommodation.
b. convergence.
c. retinal disparity.
d. linear perspective.
36. Deductive reasoning goes from the general to the specific.
Which of the following is analogous to deductive reasoning?
a. top-down processing
b. bottom-up processing
c. perceptual expectancies
d. illusions
38. You call the Psychic Hotline and talk with a real, live
psychic. He tells you about future events in your life that he
claims to "see." The psychic would possess which psi ability?
a. telepathy
b. precognition
c. clairvoyance
d. psychokinesis
40. Which of the following is TRUE of eyewitness testimony?
a. Most victims do not have an adequate "weapon focus."
b. Victims certain of their testimony are usually more accurate.
c. Eyewitness testimony is generally very accurate.
d. Perception rarely provides an instant replay of events.
42. The moon illusion is best explained by
a. the effects of depth cues on apparent distance.
b. the perceptual closure effect.
c. magnification caused by the denser atmosphere along the
horizon.
d. convergence.
44. Parapsychology is
a. a pseudopsychology dealing with the prediction of the future.
b. the study of psychic phenomena or psi events.
c. limited to the study of extrasensory perception.
d. a non-scientific field concerned with clairvoyance, magic, and
witchcraft.
46. Recent experiments on eyewitness testimony have shown that
the relationship between a person's confidence in his or her
testimony and its accuracy
a. depends upon whether the witness is male or female.
b. depends upon whether the witness has at least a high school
education.
c. has almost no relationship.
d. is more suspect for children than for adults.
48. The fact that many people are unconcerned about the gradual
depletion of the ozone can be attributed to the __________.
a. pygmalion effect
b. size-distance invariance
c. boiled frog syndrome
d. habituation effect
50. Psi phenomena
a. are the subject matter of psychophysicists.
b. include clairvoyance, telepathy, and precognition.
c. are considered a normal part of the human experience.
d. have been found true in all cultures studied thus far.
52. Illusions differ from hallucinations in that
a. illusions are based on perceptions that have no external
reality.
b. hallucinations are simply misjudgments of sensory information.
c. illusions are based on perceptual learning.
d. hallucinations are the result of past experience.
54. The __________ believe that depth perception is learned.
a. nativists
b. empiricists
c. humanists
d. structuralists
56. Figure and ground can be switched in
a. shape perception.
b. depth perception.
c. reversible figures.
d. nonlinear figures.
58. An ability to "read" another person's mind is termed
a. clairvoyance.
b. telepathy.
c. precognition.
d. psychokinesis.
60. The fact that infants will often crawl off tables or beds
shows that
a. depth perception is completely learned.
b. human depth perception emerges at about 4 months of age.
c. integration of depth perception with motor skills has not yet
been accomplished.
d. depth perception is completely innate.
62. Motion parallax
a. is not enough, alone, to indicate depth when most other cues
fail.
b. refers to the illusion that distant objects move slightly
against a background, while closer objects move a sizable
distance.
c. is responsible for motion sickness.
d. is dependent on stereoscopic vision.
64. Features of the environment, or messages from the body, that
supply information about distance and space are called
a. sensations.
b. depth cues.
c. muscular cues.
d. size-distance phenomena.
66. Sensations are organized into meaningful perceptions by
a. perceptual constancies.
b. localization of meaning.
c. perceptual grouping (Gestalt) principles.
d. sensory adaptation.
68. The ability to identify the direction from which a sound
originates is strongly dependent on having two ears separated in
space by several inches. The ability to perceive visual depth is
related to a similar property known as
a. accommodation.
b. aerial perspective.
c. retinal disparity.
d. inverted vision.
70. Cross-cultural experiences suggest that pictorial cues for
depth perception are
a. universal.
b. learned.
c. irrelevant.
d. illusions.
72. The purported ability to predict future events is called
a. clairvoyance.
b. precognition.
c. psychokinesis.
d. telepathy.
74. In making a charcoal pencil drawing, which pictorial depth
cue could you most effectively use?
a. accommodation
b. retinal fusion
c. convergence
d. light and shadow
76. Assembling a jigsaw puzzle without knowing what it portrayed
would require
a. bottom-up processing.
b. holistic reasoning.
c. synthesis.
d. top-down processing.
78. The most basic perceptual organization is
a. shape constancy.
b. depth perception.
c. figure-ground.
d. size constancy.
80. Perception is a process by which
a. environmental stimuli are sensed.
b. sensations are assembled into meaningful patterns that
represent external events
c. sensations and experiences are stored permanently in the brain.
d. many different forms of stimulus energy are converted into
electrical signals for use by the nervous system.
82. Many natural ESP occurrences are apparently a result of
a. practice.
b. coincidence.
c. misrepresentation.
d. unconscious psychological processes.
84. When you estimate a distance under 50 feet (as when you
approach a stop sign or play catch), you are using
a. convergence.
b. accommodation.
c. retinal disparity.
d. relative size.
86. The binocular cue of convergence occurs
a. because the eyes are about 2.5 inches apart.
b. when the lens in each eye bends or bulges to focus on nearby
objects.
c. just as easily in a person with only one eye.
d. when trying to focus on an object less than 50 feet in
distance.
88. Psychologists believe that depth perception is
a. innate.
b. learned.
c. imprinted.
d. partly learned and partly innate.
90. Which type of psychologist would most likely be interested in
things such as displays, controls, and sensory and motor
capabilities?
a. industrial/organizational psychologist
b. social psychologist
c. human factors engineer
d. cognitive psychologist
92. A person living in the desert calls a 60 degree day "cold"
whereas one living in Alaska calls it "warm." Their perceptions
differ because of
a. attention shifts.
b. their frame of reference.
c. temperature parallax.
d. johngalt81perceptual constancy.
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