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This page will answer questions commonly asked by students and parents. - Cognition ODDS
- Cognition EVENS
- Intelligence ODDS
- Intelligence EVENS
Cognition ODDS 1. You are daydreaming in the middle of a lecture. Are you
actually thinking?
a. Yes.
b. No.
c. No, but daydreaming is an example of cognition.
d. Yes, you are thinking and daydreaming is an example of
cognition.
3. __________ is the study of the meaning of words and language.
a. Linguistics
b. Encoding
c. Semantics
d. Syntax
5. Basic speech sounds are called
a. morphemes.
b. syllables.
c. phonemes.
d. syntax.
7. Fluency, flexibility, and originality would be most
characteristic of which type of thought?
a. convergent thinking
b. mechanical problem-solving
c. rote problem-solving
d. brainstorming
9. The inability to see new uses for familiar objects is termed
a. non-flexible thinking.
b. functional fixedness.
c. proactive inhibition.
d. interference.
11. Language is termed productive if it
a. allows for communication of thoughts and ideas.
b. is capable of generating new ideas and possibilities.
c. increases one's adaptation to a changing environment.
d. provides a set of rules for making sounds into words and words
into sentences.
13. A truck gets stuck under a bridge. Several tow-trucks are
unable to pull it out. At last a little boy walks up and asks the
red-faced adults trying to free the truck why they haven't let
the air out of the truck's tires. Their oversight was due to
a. divergent thinking.
b. cognitive style.
c. synesthesia.
d. fixation.
15. Characterisitics of creativity include
a. convergence.
b. flexibility.
c. gender differences.
d. rigid personality factors.
17. If 98 out of 100 people respond "Golden Retriever" when asked
to name what dog best represents the concept "dog," then a golden
retriever would be called a
a. denotative concept.
b. prototype.
c. relational concept.
d. feature.
19. The solution to arithmetic problems requires
a. mechanical solutions.
b. convergent thinking.
c. insight.
d. brainstorming.
21. A student who takes a multiple-choice test by reading the
stem of each item, generating the correct response before looking
at the choices, and then choosing the response closest to the
answer is using
a. a heuristic.
b. an "ideal" solution.
c. vicarious problem solving.
d. an algorithmic search strategy.
23. The stage of creative thought during which problem solving
proceeds at a subconscious level is the __________ stage.
a. incubation
b. orientation
c. preparation
d. illumination
25. The correlation between IQ and creativity is
a. very high.
b. very low.
c. zero.
d. more positively correlated the higher the IQ.
27. Thought that is intuitive, haphazard, or personal is termed
a. inductive thought.
b. deductive thought.
c. logical thought.
d. illogical thought.
29. The ability to speak two languages is referred to as
a. bi-languagism.
b. fluency.
c. bilingualism.
d. none of these.
31. Words or ideas representing a class of objects are called
a. abstractions.
b. attributes.
c. thoughts.
d. concepts.
33. Anti" is an example of
a. a phoneme.
b. syntax.
c. surface structure.
d. a morpheme.
35. A detailed, practical, and workable solution to a problem is
called a(n) __________ solution.
a. heuristic
b. general
c. functional
d. specific
37. If you wanted to enhance creativity, you would want to
a. isolate yourself.
b. make a rash decision.
c. dig deeper into a problem with logic.
d. look for analogies.
39. Thought that involves going from general principles to
specific situations is called __________ reasoning.
a. deductive
b. inductive
c. divergent
d. intuitive
41. American Sign Language is
a. a true language with a syntax and grammar.
b. a pseudo-language with no syntax or grammar.
c. a code system.
d. an easily understood pantomime.
43. A tendency to select wrong answers because they seem to match
pre-existing mental categories is called
a. intuition.
b. representativeness heuristic.
c. base rate.
d. framing.
45. The study of the meaning of words is important because
a. it reveals the connection between language and thought.
b. people speak different languages and translation becomes
important.
c. it is necessary to follow the development of phonemes by a
growing child.
d. it measures the emotional content of language.
47. A concept referring to an object having at least one of a
number of features is a __________ concept.
a. relational
b. conjunctive
c. disjunctive
d. categorical
49. Fluency, flexibility, and originality are characteristic of
which type of thought?
a. divergent thinking
b. mechanical problem-solving
c. logic
d. deductive reasoning
51. Concept formation refers to
a. the organization of phonemes and morphemes into meaningful
thoughts.
b. the application of transformation rules to basic sentences.
c. inductive as opposed to deductive thinking.
d. organizing experiences into meaningful categories.
53. If you translated "Pepsi is for the younger generation" into
Spanish and the translation reads "Pepsi reverses aging," you
have a problem with
a. morphemes.
b. phonemes.
c. semantics.
d. grammar.
55. Classifying things as absolutely right or wrong typifies
a. good-bad or all or nothing thinking.
b. multidimensional thinking.
c. complex thinking.
d. conceptual-categorical thinking.
Cognition EVENS 2. Computer programs capable of doing things that require
intelligence when done by people are associated with
a. artificial intelligence.
b. proxemics.
c. cerebronics.
d. computerized creativity.
4. Representations used in thinking include
a. mnemonic devices.
b. kinesthesis.
c. concepts.
d. primarily figments of the imagination.
6. A solution that correctly states the requirements for success
in solving a problem but not in sufficient detail for further
action is called a(n) __________ solution.
a. heuristic
b. general
c. functional
d. specific
8. What type of concept is "uncle"?
a. conjunctive
b. relational
c. relative
d. disjunctive
10. A person who is concerned about health, but who continues to
smoke cigarettes, is making an error in judgment called
a. functional fixedness.
b. ignoring the base rate.
c. representativeness.
d. framing.
12. Which of the following is usually associated with creativity?
a. convergent thinking
b. divergent thinking
c. modeling
d. syntax
14. Heuristics are problem solving strategies which
a. use a trial and error approach.
b. use random search strategies.
c. guarantee success in solving a problem.
d. reduce the number of alternatives.
16. A perceptual set that causes one to become hung up on wrong
solutions or remain blind to alternatives is called
a. inhibition.
b. fixation.
c. conditional thinking.
d. incubation.
18. The rules for ordering words in sentences are called
a. grammar.
b. syntax.
c. semantic differential.
d. heuristics.
20. A person would have the LEAST difficulty in classifying
__________ as a tree or shrub.
a. a cactus
b. a fern
c. an oak
d. a palm
22. In baseball, an "out" is a
a. conjunctive concept.
b. relational concept.
c. disjunctive concept.
d. prototype.
24. A person is asked to decide on a major in school; another is
asked to decide on a career. We may say that the different
answers they give to broad and specific questions are because of
a. differences in representativeness.
b. base rate differences.
c. differences in framing.
d. differences associated with irrational personalities.
26. Oversimplified concepts of groups of people are referred to as
a. group thinking.
b. social stereotypes.
c. relational stereotypes.
d. disjunctive stereotypes.
28. __________ are the smallest meaningful units of speech.
a. Morphemes
b. Phonemes
c. Pheromones
d. Concepts
30. The two most basic units of speech are
a. words and rules of grammar.
b. ideas and concepts.
c. morphemes and phonemes.
d. connotative and denotative meaning.
32. Psychologist Wolfgang Köhler believed that the solution of a
multiple-stick problem in chimpanzees revealed
a. how reinforcement strongly guided their behavior.
b. an ability for versatile and appropriate behavior to changing
circumstances.
c. a capacity for insight.
d. the same problem solving abilities in chimps as in gorillas.
34. Normal problem solving is likely to use
a. mental images.
b. olfactory sensations.
c. synesthesia.
d. semantic repression.
36. The fact that "Dog bites man" has a very different meaning
from "Man bites dog" demonstrates the importance of
a. connotation.
b. syntax.
c. conditional relationships.
d. linguistic determinism.
38. Drawing conclusions on the basis of formal principles of
reasoning is termed
a. inductive thought.
b. deductive thought.
c. logical thought.
d. illogical thought.
40. A rigid mental set can be a barrier to problem solving. Which
of the following refers to a similar barrier to problem solving?
a. oversimplification
b. invalid reasoning
c. functional fixedness
d. divergent problem solving
42. The term "cognition" includes
a. thinking, problem solving, reasoning, and dreaming.
b. classical and instrumental conditioning.
c. the use of memory systems.
d. an active process by which sensory input is selected,
organized, and integrated.
44. A set of rules for structuring sentences is called
a. linguistic determinants.
b. grammar.
c. semantics.
d. morphemes.
46. Which of the following is TRUE about animal communication?
a. Animals exhibit varied cries, gestures, and mating calls, but
even these communications are often not understood by other
animals of the same species.
b. Although animal communication is limited, they can learn to
use human language with ease and eventually attain the
communication skills of the average high school sophomore.
c. Animal communication can truly be called a language because it
consists of symbols, grammar, and, most importantly, it is
productive.
d. While psychologists don't doubt that animals communicate,
there is disagreement as to whether or not animals can actually
be taught a language.
48. Going from general principles to specific situations is called
a. logical thought.
b. deductive thought.
c. illogical thought.
d. inductive thought.
50. The way a question is stated before problem solving begins is
known as
a. representativeness.
b. framing.
c. incubation.
d. defining the base rate.
52. __________ thinking goes from specific facts to general
principles.
a. Deductive
b. Inductive
c. Divergent
d. Convergent
54. The rules that determine how words in a language can be put
together to make sentences are called
a. structural semantics.
b. allophonetics.
c. syntax.
d. phonemes.
56. According to Chomsky, we are able to express ideas in a
variety of ways by applying __________ rules.
a. functional
b. generative
c. disjunctive
d. transformation
Intelligence ODDS 1. If Jane's intelligence quotient is 100, we know that she has a
a. perfect score on a set of age-related tests.
b. test performance superior to 90% of other children the same
age who took the test.
c. mental age typical of children who have the same chronological
age.
d. mental age below those of children with the same chronological
age.
3. The intelligence test scores of identical twins are
a. lower when they are raised together than when they are raised
apart.
b. greater than that for fraternal twins raised together.
c. lower than that for any other blood relatives.
d. the same whether they are reared together or apart.
5. Which is the most closely related to poverty?
a. metabolic disorders
b. familial retardation
c. birth injuries
d. fetal damage
7. Which of the following is part of Wechsler's definition of
intelligence?
a. naturalistic intelligence
b. iconic memory and eidetic imagery
c. ability to deal effectively with the environment
d. spatial and kinesthetic abilities
9. Which of the following is an approach to measuring reliability?
a. negative correlation
b. double-blind
c. content
d. test-retest
11. Terman showed that mentally gifted children
a. have a greater susceptibility to mental illness in adulthood.
b. score in the average IQ range as adults.
c. are successful during their youth but fail to reach their
potential in adulthood.
d. are generally successful in their chosen occupations as adults.
13. Who would be the best norm group for the ACT or SAT college-
entrance tests?
a. lawyers
b. high school seniors
c. college graduates
d. college sophomores
15. Mental retardation caused by birth injuries or fetal damage
is called __________ retardation.
a. organic
b. familial
c. incidental
d. medical
17. It can be argued that standardized testing (such as the SAT)
is beneficial because
a. it can help label people as genius and gifted.
b. there is a perfect correlation between standardized tests and
academic performance.
c. they predict future occupational success.
d. they are fairer and more objective than admission officers'
judgments.
19. A school curriculum built on Howard Gardner's theory of
intelligence would provide
a. neuromuscular training because such skills underlie general
intelligence.
b. training in logic, rhetoric, philosophy and math to strengthen
the general factor in intelligence.
c. emphasis on creative, artistic abilities rather than the
traditional emphasis on cognitive abilities.
d. a diverse curriculum with education in skills not
traditionally associated with IQ.
21. Which of the following is a factor that influences success
for the gifted?
a. extrinsic motivation
b. level of adjustment
c. persistence
d. sibling rivalry
23. The items actually selected for an intelligence test provide a
(n) __________ definition of intelligence.
a. functional
b. valid
c. reliable
d. operational
25. The distribution of IQ scores
a. is approximately normal or bell-shaped.
b. shows that most people score between 80 and 100.
c. reveals a difference in the average for men and women.
d. falls off abruptly above 100.
27. The term "g-factor," written about by Neisser, refers to
a. generation factors.
b. general abilities.
c. Gardner factors.
d. group factors.
29. A psychologist administers an intelligence test to 100 fourth
graders. One month later the psychologist returns and
readministers the test. The psychologist is probably interested in
a. the validity of the test.
b. an operational definition of "intelligence."
c. the creation of a "culture fair" test.
d. the reliability of the test.
31. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
a. was specifically designed to test adult intelligence.
b. provides separate scores for performance intelligence and
verbal intelligence.
c. is completely culturally fair, in that children of different
cultures do just as well as children in this culture.
d. assumes that intellectual ability in childhood improves as age
increases.
33. Sandra is below normal intelligence but she is able to tell
you the exact day of the week of September 13, 1957. She has
__________ syndrome.
a. genius
b. savant
c. giftedness
d. calendar assessment
35. When a person of limited intelligence shows exceptional
abilities in art, music, mental arithmetic, or calendar
calculations, it is called
a. genius.
b. giftedness.
c. discalcula.
d. savant syndrome.
37. A genetically-induced lack of an enzyme that is a cause of a
type of mental retardation describes
a. microcephaly.
b. cretinism.
c. hydrocephaly.
d. phenylketonuria.
39. Billy has a mental age of 8 and a chronological age of 10.
Billy's IQ is
a. 108.
b. 125.
c. 80.
d. 92.
41. Cross-cultural studies during the last thirty years show
a. virtually no changes in measured intelligence.
b. IQ gains of about 5 points.
c. evidence of genetic drift.
d. IQ gains that are typically 15 points.
43. A test is said to be reliable if it
a. measures the skill it claims to test.
b. is unaffected by external factors such as the time of
administration.
c. gives about the same score to a person when given on different
occasions.
d. allows one to correctly predict who will be successful when
placed in a real-life situation.
45. Which of the following is another word for reliability?
a. dependence
b. consistency
c. relevance
d. validity
Intelligence EVENS 2. __________ involve(s) an ability to manage your own thinking
and problem solving.
a. Metacognitive skills
b. Experiential intelligence
c. Speed of processing
d. Frames of mind
4. __________ intelligence tests assess a wide variety of mental
abilities.
a. IQ
b. Special
c. Multiple
d. General
6. Having 47 chromosomes in each cell instead of 46 is a
characteristic of
a. Down syndrome.
b. cretinism.
c. hydrocephaly.
d. microcephaly.
8. In Binet's test of intelligence, items included at each age
level were those which
a. could be answered by an average child of that age.
b. measured rote learning and memory.
c. revealed a child's grade level in school.
d. required creative as well as correct answers.
10. Which of the following statements concerning the relationship
between inspection time and IQ is true?
a. The longer the inspection time, the greater the intelligence.
b. The longer the inspection time, the lower the intelligence.
c. The shorter the inspection time, the lower the intelligence.
d. Inspection time and intelligence are not related.
12. Which of the following is one of Gardner's types of
intelligence?
a. executive skills
b. ethics
c. music
d. creativity
14. __________ is the capacity for learning certain and specific
abilities.
a. Achievement
b. Intelligence
c. Aptitude
d. Scholastics
16. Selective breeding for desirable characteristics is called
a. cretinism.
b. adaptive behavior.
c. microcephaly.
d. eugenics.
18. The fact that fraternal twins are more similar in
intelligence than ordinary siblings suggests the importance of
a. common hereditary factors.
b. common environmental factors.
c. genetic effects.
d. effects of intrauterine environment.
20. Standardization includes formalizing testing procedures and
establishing
a. goals.
b. plans.
c. norms.
d. forms.
22. The person responsible for the development and design of the
first useful individual test of intelligence is
a. Freud.
b. Terman.
c. Binet.
d. Wechsler.
24. Speed of processing has been measured by which of the
following techniques?
a. the number of mistakes a person makes
b. the amount of time a person needs to clap their hands when
instructed
c. the brain activity that follows exposure to a stimulus
d. how quickly a person can blink their eyes after being told to
do so
26. When the same procedures are used in giving a test to all
people, the test has been
a. validated.
b. normalized.
c. operationalized.
d. standardized.
28. The best summary statement regarding the role of heredity on
human intelligence is that
a. heredity may impose upper limits on intelligence.
b. heredity may impose lower limits on intelligence.
c. intelligence is almost completely related to genetic
inheritance.
d. the similarity in IQ scores among maternal relatives is
greater than that among paternal relatives.
30. Howard Gardner has theorized all of the following types of
intelligence EXCEPT
a. language.
b. creativity.
c. interpersonal skills.
d. intrapersonal skills.
32. Which form of retardation can be controlled by a special diet?
a. microcephaly
b. hydrocephaly
c. PKU
d. Down syndrome
34. If one psychologist administers a test simultaneously to
several people, it must be a __________ test.
a. reliable
b. individual
c. performance
d. group
36. IQ may be defined as
a. MA/CA 100.
b. CA/MA 100.
c. MA/100 CA.
d. MA x CA 100.
38. The average twelve-year-old child has a mental age equal to
a. 100.
b. 120.
c. 10.
d. 12.
40. Howard Gardner theorizes that there are __________ different
kinds of intelligence.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 8
d. 120
42. A large number of people were asked to answer only the odd-
numbered questions on a test. Later, they are asked to answer
only the even-numbered questions. By comparing each person's two
scores, a determination of the test's __________ reliability
could be made.
a. split-half
b. equivalent form
c. test-retest
d. alternative form
44. Helena took a(n) __________ test which indicated that she
could excel in teaching English as a second language.
a. intelligence
b. special aptitude
c. multiple aptitude
d. achievement
46. The correlation of intelligence test scores between identical
twins is
a. higher when they are raised together than when they are raised
apart.
b. lower than that for fraternal twins raised together.
c. the same as that for any other blood relatives.
d. the same whether they are reared together or apart.
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