Mr. Izadi

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Life science biochemistry notes Organic Compounds Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in living things. Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms. . carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are not organic compounds. Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds. Write the structural formula for acetic acid (pg. 28) Write the chemical formula for acetic acid Write the structural formula for glucose (pg. 30) Large Carbon Molecules- Macromolecules Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom. Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms. Monosaccharides Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides. Disaccharides and PolysaccharidesTwo monosaccharides join to form a double sugar called a disaccharide. A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of three or more monosaccharides. Draw a disaccharide Draw a polysaccharide (glycogen, pg. 30) Proteins Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles. Amino AcidsProteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a proteins shape and function. Dipeptides and PolypeptidesTwo amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a dipeptide.A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide. Draw an amino acid (Cysteine pg. 32) What is a peptide bond? Enzymes are protein catalysts that are essential to life. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates. The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzymes shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction. Draw an Enzyme-substrate reaction (will be discussed in class) Lipids Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy and are an important part of cell membranes. Fatty Acids Most lipids contain fatty acids, long chain of carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic end (water loving), and a hydrophobic (water hating) end. Triglycerides Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. Write the chemical structure for a Triglyceride (pg. 31) Fats can be saturated or unsaturated Saturated fats have no double bonds in the fatty acid chain. Saturated fats are solid at temperature. Diets high in Saturated fats may result in heart disease. Give Six examples of saturated fats Unsaturated fats have double bonds in the fatty acid chain. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Give Six examples of unsaturated fats Phospholipids Phospholipids, which make up cell membranes, consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule. Waxes A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined to one long alcohol. SteroidsA steroid is composed of four fused carbon rings. Give examples of how waxes are produced by living things. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information. The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains genetic information for cell activities. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in building of proteins and can act as enzymes. Draw a DNA molecule Intro to Bio and Ecology Review Questions Chapter 1 and !4 Define: Biology Ecology Genes Homeostasis Cell Hypothesis Theory Prediction Experimentation Food web Food chain Community Biome Producers Consumers Decomposers plankton Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen is a component of ____________? Water cycle Carbon cycle Know the major characteristics of all of the biomes Amount of precipitation Type of vegetation Average yearly temperature range CH 1-2 THEMES IN BIOLOGY Unity in the Diversity of LifeLife is so diverse,or full of variety. Yet, life is also characterized by unity, or features that all living things have in common. The tree of life shows that all living things have descended with modification from a single common ancestor. Yet, there are many different lineages, or branches, representing different species. Interdependence of Organisms Organisms live in interdependent communities and interact with both organisms and the environment. Evolution of Life Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations. Evolution helps to explain how species came to exist, have changed over time, and adapt to their environment. Natural SelectionNatural selection is a process by which organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits. Natural selection can lead to the evolution of populations. CH 1-3 Science as a Process Steps of the Scientific MethodThe scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, making predictions, designing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Scientific Processes Collecting observations Asking questions Forming hypotheses and making predictions Confirming predictions (with experiments when needed) Drawing conclusions Observing and Asking Questions The process of science begins with an observation. An observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question. Forming a Hypothesis hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions. PredictingTo test a hypothesis, scientists make a prediction that logically follows from the hypothesis. Performing the ExperimentA controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control group and only has one variable. Performing the ExperimentThe experimenter manipulates the independent variable. The experimenter measures the dependent variable because it is is affected by the independent variable. Testing the ExperimentExperiments should be conducted without bias and they should be repeated. Analyzing and Comparing DataScientists analyze data to draw conclusions about the experiment performed. Drawing Conclusions Making InferencesAn inference is a conclusion made on the basis of facts and previous knowledge rather than on direct observations. Applying Results and Building ModelsScientists often apply their findings about the natural world to solve practical problems. Constructing a Theory A theory is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data. Communicating Ideas Publishing a PaperScientists submit research papers to scientific journals for publication. In peer review, the editors of a journal will send submitted papers out to experts in the field who anonymously read and critique the paper. Honesty and Bias Communication between scientists about their methods and results helps prevent dishonesty and bias in science. Conflict of InterestThe threat of a potential scandal based on misleading data or conclusions is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair.

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