CAPT REVIEW:  BIOLOGY 

UNIT 2:  HEREDITY AND GENETICS

 

Home site:  http://regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/heredity/index.cfm

 

PART I.  DNA

Read “DNA” on the Introduction/Home Page and answer the following questions. 

1.  What do genes contain?  In what form are these instructions passed on to offspring?

 

 

Click on the “DNA” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

2.       What shape does DNA have?  Name the 4 bases that make up the “rungs” of the ladder?

 

 

 

3.       Look at the “Structure of the DNA molecule” diagram.  The bottom seems to be “unzipping”.  Why is it doing this?

 

 

 

4.       Where is DNA located?

 

 

5.       The body is made up of cells and the nucleus of each cell contains chromosomes.  What makes up these chromosomes?

 

 

6.       What are mutations?  

 

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “1.  DNA” link.  This will bring you to 4 multiple choice questions about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice questions and then checking your answers.

7.       Where are genes located?  How are they organized?

 

 

8.       Why is it important that protein synthesis is controlled by DNA?

 

 

 

9.       “Gee, CAT”  is a way to remember which bases join together.  Name the pairs of bases that bond together to form DNA. 

 

 

 

When you are done you can click on the “Living Environment” link all the way at the top of the page to return to the biology page.  Then click on “2.  Heredity And Genetics”  link to get back to the Introduction/Home page. 

PART II.  HEREDITY

Click on the “Home” link on the left side, read the section about heredity, and answer the following questions.

 

Read “Asexual v. Sexual Heredity” on the Introduction/Home Page and answer the following questions. 

10.    How do the offspring that are produced from asexual reproduction differ from offspring that are produced through sexual reproduction? 

 

 

11.    What is another name for sex cells – the sperm and egg?

 

 

Click on the “Heredity” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

12.    Why is an offspring that is produced asexually genetically identical to its parent?

 

 

 

13.    Why would a sexually reproduced organism exhibit some traits of its mother and some of its father? 

 

 

 

14.    Define the term “genetic recombination”. 

 

 

 

15.    Why are all of the cells found throughout your body so different from each other, despite the fact they all have identical genetic instructions or DNA?

 

 

 

16.    What is a possible consequence of a mutation in a non-sex cell? 

 

 

 

17.    Why might mutations in sex cells or gametes be beneficial to a population?

 

 

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “2.  Asexual v. Sexual Heredity” link.  This will bring you to 14 multiple choice questions about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice questions and then checking your answers.

18.  What color would the following squirrels be:     GG?    Gg?      gg?

 

 

19.  Work out the Punnett Square for a cross of a Gg male and a gg female.  What is the percentage of gray squirrels that will be produced?  What percent will be black?  Remember that G is dominant for gray and g is recessive for black. 

Female                     Male	g	g
G
g

 

 

 

20.  What percentage of Gray and Black would the offspring be if both the mother and father squirrels were Gg?

Female                     Male	G	g
G
g

 

 

 

21.  If the mom’s blood type was OO and the dad’s blood type was AB, would it be possible to produce a child with type O blood?  Create a Punnett Square to prove your answer.

Female                     Male

 

 

 

22.  If mitosis is the production of 2 daughter cells that look identical to the parent cell.  Draw the diagram which represents this. 

 

 

 

23.  What does having in “homozygous genotype” mean?  What does the capital letter represent?  What does the lower case letter represent?

 

 

24.  Describe the 2 X chromosomes of a female carrier.  Fill in the Punnett square to demonstrate what type of offspring will be produced. 

Female                     Male	Normal X	Normal Y
Normal X
Defective X

 

 

25.  What do we know about the location of traits that are inherited together or “linked”?

 

 

 

26.  What is produced through mitosis?  Is sex involved?

 

 

 

27.  What is the name of the structure that is formed when a sperm and egg unite?  What is another name for the sex cells? 

 

 

 

28.  What type of chromosome do fathers pass on to their daughters – X or Y?  What type of chromosome do fathers pass on to their sons  - X or Y?  If a father’s trait is on his X chromosome, would it be possible to pass this trait on to his son?  Explain.

 

 

 

 

 

 

29.  Complete the Punnett square and determine the blood genotype of the offspring.  Determine the percentage that has a phenotype of A, B, and O.   

Female                     Male	A	O
A
O

 

 

30.  What is another name for the term “hybrid”?  Which two letters are used to represent the genotype of a “hybrid” tall pea plant?   Complete the Punnett square to determine the genotype of the offspring that are produced when 2 hybrid tall pea plants are crossed.

Female                     Male	T	t
T
t

 

 

 

 

31.  What would you expect the sperm to contain if the guinea pig was white?  Keep in mind which color is dominant and which is recessive.  What would the genotype be for a white coat?

 

 

 

32.  Independent assortment basically means that genes on different chromosomes will be distributed independently or separately of each other.  What will this allow for?

 

 

 

33.  Genotype is the actual genetic makeup – ie.  Dominant and/or recessive alleles.  What is the phenotype?

 

 

When you are done you can click on the “Living Environment” link all the way at the top of the page to return to the biology page.  Then click on “2.  Heredity And Genetics”  link to get back to the Introduction/Home page. 

PART III.  PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Click on the “Home” link on the left side, read the section about protein synthesis, and answer the following questions.

 

34.  What is the information found in the DNA ultimately used for?

 

 

 

Click on the “P. Synthesis” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

35.  What are the four bases that make up DNA?

 

 

 

36.  In what three ways does RNA differ from DNA?

 

 

 

 

 

37.  Onto what is the DNA code copied?  What is a codon?  What is the process called?

 

 

 

38.  Transfer RNA is responsible for assembling a chain of amino acids at the ribosome.  What will this long chain of amino acid subunits eventually form?

 

 

39.  How many amino acids are there?  What ultimately determines the function of a protein?

 

 

 

40.  Why do offspring resemble their parents?

 

 

 

41.  What two ways are cell functions regulated?

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “3.  Protein Synthesis” link.  This will bring you to 1 multiple choice question about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice question and then checking your answers.

42.  What is removed during dehydration synthesis? 

 

 

43.  How does hydrolysis differ from a dehydration synthesis reaction? 

 

 

 

44.  What does pinocytosis involve?    

 

 

 

When you are done you can click on the “Living Environment” link all the way at the top of the page to return to the biology page.  Then click on “2.  Heredity And Genetics”  link to get back to the Introduction/Home page. 

 

 

PART IV.  GENETIC ENGINEERING

Click on the “Home” link on the left side, read the section about protein synthesis, and answer the following questions.

 

45.  What is the ultimate goal of selective breeding programs?

 

 

 

Click on the “Genetic Engineering” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

46.  Why did farmers choose to breed English shorthorn cattle with Brahman cattle from India?  What were the desirable traits they wanted to achieve through this hybridization?

 

 

 

47.  What happens when a “restriction enzyme” from one organism is inserted into another organism through the process of genetic engineering?

 

 

 

48.   Describe what is meant by the term “genetic mapping”?  What is the name of the project in which the genetic code of a human was mapped?

 

 

 

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “4.  Genetic Engineering” link.  This will bring you to 3 multiple choice question about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice question and then checking your answers.

 

49.  Mendel’s work involved which organism?  Ironically, what didn’t he know about when he was working on these experiments?

 

 

50.   Why might a farmer choose to breed two specific organisms together? 

 

 

 

51.  How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?