CAPT REVIEW:  BIOLOGY 

UNIT 4:  REPRODUCTION

 

Home site:  http://regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/reproduction/index.cfm

 

PART I.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Read “Asexual Reproduction” on the Introduction/Home Page and answer the following questions. 

1.  What does asexual reproduction produce?

 

 

 

 

Click on the “Asexual” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

2.  How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?

 

 

3.  Look at the table explaining the different methods of asexual reproduction.  Indicate the method describe by the following statements.

                a.  __________________________              Cytoplasm is divided unequally but genetic info is divided equally

 

                b.  __________________________  Mold reproduces through this method.

 

                c.  __________________________ Both the genetic information and the cytoplasm is divided equally

 

                d.  __________________________ Protists reproduce this way.

 

                e.  __________________________ Spores are formed and genetic information only comes from one parent.

 

                f.  __________________________ Yeast reproduces this way. 

 

4.   What is another term for asexual reproduction?  Describe this process.

 

 

 

 

5.  What two things is mitosis associated with?

 

 

 

 

6.   What does the process of replication involve?  What is produced as a result of replication?

 

 

 

 

7.   What are the 2 key results of mitosis?

 

 

 

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “1.  Asexual Reproduction” link.  This will bring you to 6 multiple choice questions about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice questions and then checking your answers.

8.   What divided during the process of mitosis?  What other process has to happen to end up with a division of the cytoplasm?

 

 

 

9.   What are chromosomes?  Why do they need to move during the process of mitosis?    What is the role of setae in earthworms?

 

 

 

10.  Which picture(s) represents budding?  Which picture(s) represents sporulation?

 

 

 

11.  Through what asexual process is the amoeba reproducing?   How do yeast cells reproduce?  Why isn’t picture D representing asexual reproduction?

 

 

 

 

12.  What is the role of the centriole?              In which type of cells do cell plates form?

 

 

 

13.  What type of animals can regenerate parts?    What occurs during ovulation? Is this used in sexual or asexual reproduction?

 

 

 

 

When you are done you can click on the “Living Environment” link all the way at the top of the page to return to the biology page.  Then click on “4. Reproduction” link to get back to the Introduction/Home page. 

PART II.  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Read “Sexual Reproduction” on the Introduction/Home Page and answer the following questions. 

 

14. What kind of offspring are produced from sexual reproduction?

 

 

 

15.  What is the name of the process which produces the gametes or sex cells?  What is formed when these gametes combine?

 

 

 

 

Click on the “Sexual” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

16. What is the name for the female gamete?  The male gamete?  What is the name of the structure within which the gametes are formed?

 

 

 

 

17. What is the name of the structure that is produced after fertilization is completed?  This structure will then divide via mitosis and develop into specialized structure through which process?

 

 

 

18.  What does the process of meiosis produce?  What does mitosis produce?

 

 

 

19.  What is the result of “crossing over”?  What is this process responsible for?

 

 

 

 

20.  Look at the diagram of Crossing Over and Genetic Recombination.  What do the first two diagrams indicate happens before the crossing over occurs in the third picture (you may want to look at the diagram above “The process of Meiosis” for some help with this question)? 

 

 

 

 

21.  How many gametes are ultimately produced from meiosis?  Are they identical to the original chromosomes like they would have been if they replicated through mitosis?

 

 

 

22.  What is the difference between external and internal fertilization?  Give an example of organisms that fertilize eggs externally and an example of organisms that fertilize eggs internally.

 

 

 

 

 

23.  What is a disadvantage of external fertilization and development?  What advantage might organisms that practice external fertilization have over those that fertilize internally (hint:  think of population size)?

 

 

 

 

 

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “2.  Sexual Reproduction” link.  This will bring you to 8 multiple choice questions about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice questions and then checking your answers.

 

24.  What does haploid mean?  What does diploid mean?  Should the egg or sperm contain only half or all of the chromosomes (hint:  consider how many chromosomes you are left with when the sperm and egg combine)?

 

 

 

 

25.  Most aquatic organisms fertilize the eggs ___________________ while vertebrate animals that live on land practice

 

_____________________ fertilization.

 

26.  What is meant by the term “ovule”?  What are two roles of sepals and petals?  What is another name for ‘plant sperm”?

 

 

 

 

27.  Circle the correct word:  Since sperm are produced through meiosis, they can not be (diploid /  haploid).  Also, because of

 

the crossing over that occurs in meiosis, they (are / are not) genetically identical to the parent cells.

 

 

 

28.   What is the “egg cell” of a plant?  Where are they located?  What is the role of the anther?

 

 

 

29.  What happens to the chromosomes early on in meiosis? 

 

 

 

 

30.  What has to happen to the pollen for fertilization of a plant to occur?

 

 

 

 

31.  Circle the correct word:  Gametes or sex cells contain (all / half) of the number of chromosomes that other cells contain. 

 

Normal female cells found throughout the body contain (44 / 22) chromosomes while female sex cells contain (44 / 22)

 

chromosomes.  The zygote will be formed when the chromosomes from the sperm combines with the chromosomes from the

 

egg and result in a total of (88 / 44 / 22) chromosomes, like all of the other cells in the body. 

 

 

32.  The female passes on the (X / Y) chromosome while the male can pass on either the X or the Y chromosome.  Which chromosome the male passes on to his offspring determines the sex.  What sex is produced if he passes on the X chromosome?  What sex is produced if he passes on the Y chromosome?  

 

 

 

When you are done you can click on the “Living Environment” link all the way at the top of the page to return to the biology page.  Then click on the “4.  Reproduction”  link to get back to the Introduction/Home page. 

 

 

PART III.  HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Read “Human Reproduction” on the Introduction/Home Page and answer the following questions. 

33.  What is the name for the specialized chemicals that play a major role in reproduction?

 

 

Click on the “Human” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

34.  What two things are the testes responsible for?  Why is the location of the scrotum outside the body so important? 

 

 

 

 

35.  What two things are produced by ovaries?  Where does internal fertilization between the sperm and egg actually occur?  What is the name of the structure in which the embryo actually implants and develops?

 

 

 

 

36.  Indicate the hormone that is responsible for the following:

 

                a.  _________________________                female secondary sex characteristics (wider hips and mammary glands)

 

                b.  _________________________   maintains thickness of the lining of the uterus in case fertilization actually occurs

 

                c.  _________________________  makes a males voice deepen and causes the growth of facial and body hair

 

37.  Typically, how many days are there in a menstrual cycle?  At what point in this cycle does ovulation generally occur? 

 

 

 

38.  What actually occurs during menstruation?  Under which circumstance would this NOT occur?

 

 

 

 

 

 

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “3.  Human Reproduction” link.  This will bring you to 2 multiple choice questions about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice questions and then checking your answers.

 

39.  Gametes fuse together to form a _____________ that has the normal number of chromosomes.

 

40.  One primary sex cell produces _____ sperm while one primary sex cell only produces _____ eggs.  Is the cytoplasm divided evenly in the formation of the sperm cells?  In the formation of the eggs?

 

 

 

 

When you are done you can click on the “Living Environment” link all the way at the top of the page to return to the biology page.  Then click on the “4.  Reproduction”  link to get back to the Introduction/Home page. 

 

PART IV.  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

There are no questions from the Introduction/Home page.  Click on the “Development” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

41.  What is a zygote?  Through what process will this zygote get larger and develop into an embryo?  In what structure does most of this development occur? 

 

 

 

 

42.  What is the placenta and what is its role?  What structure connects the fetus to the placenta? 

 

 

 

 

43.  What is meant by the term “differentiation”? 

 

 

 

44.  What is significant about the first three months?  What is significant about the end of the sixth month? 

 

 

 

 

45.  List 7 factors that could put the developing fetus at risk for problems in development.

 

 

 

 

 

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “4.  Development” link.  This will bring you to 3 multiple choice questions about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice questions and then checking your answers.

46.  What do vertebrates have that invertebrates don’t?  Why is it easier for an invertebrate to regenerate lost body parts?

 

 

 

47.  What process is used to produce the haploid egg and sperm cells?  What process is used once an embryo is produced?

 

 

 

48.  What occurs during fertilization?  What occurs during cleavage?

 

 

 

49.  What is parthenogenesis?  In what type of organisms does this typically occur?