CAPT REVIEW:  BIOLOGY 

UNIT 5:  HOMEOSTASIS

 

Home site:  http://regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/homeostasis/index.cfm

 

PART I.  BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

Read “Biochemical Processes” on the Introduction/Home Page and answer the following questions. 

1.  What is the name for the process by which the sun’s energy is converted to sugar?  What is the name of the process by which these sugars are converted to energy that can be used by living things?

 

 

 

Click on the “Processes” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

2.   What are two things must be combined with sunlight in the process of photosynthesis?  What is produced in this process?

 

 

 

3.   What are chloroplasts?  What is chlorophyll?

 

 

 

 

4.   What can “chromatography” be used to do?

 

 

 

 

5.    List four molecules that glucose can be used to make.  What happens during “cellular respiration”?

 

 

 

 

 

6.    Write the equation for the formation of 36 ATP. 

 

 

 

7.    What is the energy from ATP used by organisms to do?

 

 

 

8.    What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?  What happens during a synthesis reaction? 

 

 

 

 

 

9.    What specifically determines how enzymes, hormones and antibodies function and how they interact with other molecules?

 

 

 

10.  What is a catalyst?  What is the name of organic catalysts?  What are they made of?  What do their names all end in? 

 

 

 

11.  Where is the name of the enzyme indicated in a chemical reaction? What is the name of the part of the enzyme that actually fits together with the substrate? 

12.  What is the best pH for most enzymes?  What happens if the pH level is to high or low? 

 

 

 

13.  What is the best temperature range for enzymes?  What happens to enzymes at temperatures above 45^oC?  What is the name for this process?

 

 

 

 

 

 

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “1.  Biochemical Processes” link.  This will bring you to 13 multiple choice questions about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice questions and then checking your answers.

 

14.   What enzyme is used to break down hydrogen peroxide?  What do the names of enzymes usually end in?  What does the term “synthesize” mean?

 

 

 

 

 

15.  Give two examples of carbohydrates.  What process do autotrophs use to produce glucose?

 

 

 

 

16.  What two things are combined in the process of making glucose?  What gas is released into the atmosphere?  What does the term “anaerobic” mean?

 

 

 

 

 

17.  What is glycogen?  What organisms can produce alcohol as a result of anaerobic activity?

 

 

 

 

18.  What is ATP?  What is made up of cellulose?  What is chlorophyll in green plants used for?

 

 

 

 

19.   How does “hydrolysis” work?  What is maltose split into when water is added? 

 

 

 

 

20.  What does digestion produce?  What does the term “soluble” mean?

 

 

 

 

21.  What is the role of enzymes?  What happens when glucose is broken apart and hydrogen atoms are removed?

 

 

 

22.  What is removed from each of the two molecules during a dehydration synthesis reaction?  Why do the two organic molecules eventually bond to each other?

 

 

 

 

 

23.  What is the role of chlorophyll? 

 

 

 

 

24.  Why do plants reflect green color?  Which colors are most important to plants?  Do you see these colors often?

 

 

 

 

25.  When does respiration occur in plants?  What happens during the process of respiration? 

 

 

 

 

26.  What structure helps capture the sun’s energy in plants?  What is this energy used for?  What is this process called?

 

 

 

 

 

 

When you are done you can click on the “Living Environment” link all the way at the top of the page to return to the biology page.  Then click on “5 Homeostasis.” link to get back to the Introduction/Home page. 

PART II.  DISEASE

Read “Disease” on the Introduction/Home Page and answer the following questions. 

 

27. What can happen if an organism fails to respond to a change in homeostasis?  List four organisms that can cause disease.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Click on the “Disease” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

 

28. What is the name for living organisms that cause disease?  What are five factors that can contribute to or cause the body to develop disease?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29.  List three poor personal choices that may have a negative impact on your health.

 

 

 

 

 

30.  What is meant by the term immunity?

31.  Define the terms “antigen” and “pathogen”?

 

 

 

 

 

32.  What types of cells fight foreign invaders?  What are antibodies? 

 

 

 

 

 

33.  Look at the diagrams describing the actions of white blood cells.  Describe two ways that white blood cells deal with

foreign invaders in the body.

 

 

 

 

 

34.  Briefly explain how your immune system’s “memory” works.  Be sure to explain the difference between the primary and secondary immune response.

 

 

 

 

 

35.  What are vaccinations?  What is the advantage of using dead or weakened microbes? 

 

 

 

 

 

36.  What causes allergies?  What does the body attack in an “auto-immune disease”?

 

 

 

 

 

37.  What does AIDS destroy?  What can’t the body do when this happens?

 

 

 

 

 

38.  What does cancer cause cells to do?  What two things can increase the chance of mutations?

 

 

 

 

 

 

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “2.  Disease” link.  This will bring you to 4 multiple choice questions about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice questions and then checking your answers.

 

39.  What does the thyroid gland secrete?  What is meant by the term “metabolism”?  What do the enzymes produced by salivary glands break down? 

 

 

 

40.  What two things is the lymphatic system responsible for?  What happens to the size of lymph nodes when you have an infection?

 

 

 

 

 

41.  What is the cuticle?  What does it help prevent? 

 

 

 

 

 

42.  What three things make up your first line of defense against preventing pathogens from entering the body?  What structures  act as the second line of defense?

 

 

 

 

 

 

When you are done you can click on the “Living Environment” link all the way at the top of the page to return to the biology page.  Then click on the “5.  Homeostasis”  link to get back to the Introduction/Home page. 

 

 

PART III.  FEEDBACK

Read “Feedback Mechanisms” on the Introduction/Home Page and answer the following questions. 

 

43.  What is meant by a “feedback mechanism”?

 

 

 

 

 

Click on the “Feedback” link on the left side and answer the following questions. 

44.  What is a synonym for homeostasis?

 

 

 

 

 

45.  What is a “stimulus”?  What is a “response”?  Give an example of a “stimulus – response” reflex that the doctor tests during routine physicals.

 

 

 

 

 

 

46.  What is your body temperature (in ^oC)?  What response does your body exhibit when the body starts to heat up?

 

 

 

 

 

47.   What organ produces hormones that regulate blood glucose levels?  What hormone is released when blood sugars are high (such as after a meal)?  What hormone is released when blood sugar levels are too low (in between meals)? 

 

 

 

48.  Define the term “glycogen”.   What hormone converts blood glucose into these larger glycogen molecules?

 

 

 

 

49.  What is a “stomate”?  What structures help to open and close the stomate? 

 

 

 

 

 

Click on the “Practice” link at the bottom on the left side.   Then click on “3.  Feedback Mechanisms” link.  This will bring you to 11 multiple choice questions about this topic.  Answer the questions below with information you learn from attempting the multiple choice questions and then checking your answers.

 

50.  What phase change must the sweat molecules undergo in order for them to cool the body off?

 

 

 

 

51.   Why are arteries under greater pressure than veins?  Why can’t you feel a pulse in a capillary?

 

 

 

 

52.   What substances does the digestive system produce?  What substances does the endocrine system produce?  What system  transports hormones around the body?

 

 

 

 

 

53.   What are enzymes and hormones made up of?  Where are they synthesized?

 

 

 

54.  What is auxin?  Which side of a plant grows faster?  What does this cause the plant to do?

 

 

 

 

 

55.  What is the stimulus in this scenario?  What is the response?

 

 

 

 

56.  What are guard cells responsible for?  What is meant by the term “phototropism”?

 

 

 

 

 

57.  What happens to your breathing rate if the levels of carbon dioxide in your plasma (blood) increases?  Ironically, what does the body NOT monitor in order to adjust breathing rates?

 

 

 

 

58.  What two things are responsible for regulating homeostasis in an organism?