D. Red Algae

1. Many celled

2. Example: seaweed

3. Contain chlorophyll

4. Produce a red pigment

5. Live up to 200m in the ocean

E. Green Algae

1. 7,000 species

2. One or many-celled

3. The most plantlike characteristics of all the algae

4. Live mostly in water, however will grow on damp tree trunks and wet

sidewalks.

5. Identify on pond surfaces during the summer months

F. Brown Algae

1. Brown pigment

2. Chlorophyll

3. Grow in cool, saltwater environments

4. Example: kelp (important food source for fish and invertebrates)

5. Kelp extracts gives smoothness and spreadability to cheese and mayonnaise

6. Giant kelp: largest organism in the protist kingdom

III. Animal-Like Protists

-Known as protozoans

-Classified based on movement

-Live in and on living and dead organisms (water and soil)

A. Ciliates- protists with cilia – short, threadlike structures extending from the

cell membrane; allows protists to move in any direction

1. Example: Paramecium (Figure 8)

a. Two nuclei

1. Macronucleus – controls feeding, exchange of oxygen and carbon

dioxide, the amount of water and salts entering and leaving the

Paramecium.

2. Micronucleus – involved in reproduction

b. Feed on bacteria swept into the oral groove by the cilia.

c. Vacuoles form around the food in order to digest it.

d. Wastes are removed through the anal pore.

e. Contractile vacuole gets rid of excess water.

B. Flagellates- protozoans that move through water with the aid of their long

flagella. (Figure 9)

1. Live in freshwater

2. Example: Proterospongia

a. Grow in colonies

C. Pseudopods- protozoans that move and feed using extensions of their

cytoplasm called pseudopods (‘false foot”).

1. Live in freshwater and saltwater

2. Parasites in some animals

3. Example: Amoeba (Figure 10) – causes severe diarrhea in humans –

known as dysentery.

4. Vacuole is used for digesting food.

D. Other Protozoans

1. Parasites of humans – these have no way of moving on their own.

2. Complex life cycles – sexual and asexual reproduction

3. Live part of their lives in two different animals

4. Example: Plasmodium – parasite that causes malaria (Figure 11).

III. Funguslike Protists

-spore producers

-consumers

-pseudopod movement

A. Slime Molds

1. Form delicate weblike structures on the surfaces of food

2. Move using pseudopods

3. Behave like amoebas

4. Found on decaying logs or dead leaves

5. Prefer moist, cool, shady environments

B. Water Molds and Downy Mildews

1. Large/diverse group

2. Prefer water or moist environments

3. Grow as a mass of threads over plants and animals

4. Digestion external

5. Absorb organism’s nutrients

6. Produce spores with flagella

7. Water Molds (Figure 13)

a. plant parasites

b. feed on dead/decaying matter

c. fuzzy, white growths

8. Downy Molds

a. plant parasite (on above groundparts of plants)

IV. Importance of Protists

A. Importance of Algae

1. Grasses of the ocean

2. Food source

3. Oxygen producers

4. Algal blooms – overgrowth of algae in the water

a. Causes organisms to die (due to toxin production)

b. Causes health problems in humans

5. Food for humans

6. Carrageenan – gelatinlike substance in red algae

a. used in cosmetics

b. smoothness to toothpaste, puddings, salad dressings

7. Algin – gelantinlike properties – from brown algae

a. thicken foods (ice cream, marshmallows)

b. make rubber tires

c. hand lotion

8. Insulation, filters, road paint, crunch in toothpaste – from diatoms

C. Importance of Protozoans

1. Food source for large animals

2. Petroleum indicators

3. Wood-digesting enzymes in termites

4. Diseases in humans

a. transmitted by flies and other biting insects

b. Example: Giardia – diarrhea-causing parasite; contaminated

human/animal wastes enter water.

D. Importance of Funguslike Protists

1. Breakdown dead organisms

2. Cause disease in plants and animals

3. Downy mildew infection nearly wiped out the entire French wine

industry. Infected grapes.

4. Water mold causes lesions on fish

5. Downy mildew caused the Irish potato famine

6. Downy mildew have a great impact on agriculture ( lettuce, corn,

cabbage, avocados, pineapples)

Fungi

I. What are Fungi?

A. Characteristics of Fungi

1. Hyphae- mass of many-celled,threadlike tubes that break down

food outside of the fungus

2. Saprophytes or parasites

3. Prefer warm, humid areas for growth (tropics, between toes)

4. Asexual reproduction involves the production of spores that

grow into new fungi identical to the fungus from which the

spore came from.

5. Sexual reproduction occurs when hyphae from 2 genetically

different fungi fuse. Spores are produced that grow into fungi

genetically different from the parent fungi.

II. Club Fungi

1. Mushroom

2. Spores produced in a basidium

III. Sac Fungi

1. yeasts, molds, morels, truffles

2. Ascus- saclike structure that produces spores

IV. Zygote Fungi

1. Sporangium- spore-producing structure (round case) on tips of

hyphae

2. Mold that grows on bread and fruit

V. Imperfect Fungi – because no evidence of a sexual life cycle

1. Asexual reproduction to produce spores

2. Example: Penicillium

VI. Lichens- organisms made of fungus, algae, and cyanobacteria

1. Important food source

2. Grows on bare rock to release acids

3. Indicator used to monitor pollution levels

VII. Fungi and Plants

1. Mycorrhizae- network of hyphae and plant roots; helps to

absorb nutrients from the soil

VIII. Importance of Fungi

1. Agriculture – because they cause disease in plants and animals

2. Medicine/Health – cause disease in humans and animal;

antibiotic (penicillin) produced byPenicillium, cyclosporine

production

3. Decomposers – break down organic materials