8. Identify and describe the four density layers of Earth (ESS-M-A1)

9. Explain the historical development of the theories of plate tectonics, including continental drift and sea-floor spreading (ESS-M-A2)

10. Illustrate the movement of convection currents (ESS-M-A2)

11. Illustrate the movements of lithospheric plates as stated in the plate tectonics theory (ESS-M-A2)

12. Identify the edges of plate boundaries as likely areas of earthquakes and volcanic action

(ESS-M-A3)

13. Describe the processes responsible for earthquakes and volcanoes and identify the effects of these processes (e.g., faulting, folding) (ESS-M-A3)