The Cell Cycle
Chapter 2 Section 3
Cell Life
•Cell Cycle
•The life of a cell
•Begins when formed – Ends when it divides
•DNA replication needed to divide
•Contains info telling cells how to make proteins
•Organized into chromosome structures
•Copying chromosomes ensures cell survival
•How it happens (Prokaryotic / Eukaryotic)
Procaryotic Division
•Prokaryotic (bacteria)
•Circular DNA
•Cell division is simple
•Binary Fission
•Splitting into 2 parts
•Each resulting cell contains 1 copy of the DNA
Eukaryotic DNA
•Larger/More complex than pro-k’s = More DNA
•Chromosome # differs from organism – organism
•Humans – 46 Chromosomes in pairs
•Pairs are Homologous or similar chromosomes
Eukaryotic Division
•3 Main Stages
•1 – Cell grows & copies organelles & Chrom’s
•Chromo copies – Chromatids
•Held together at centromere
•Chromatids form an X – 2nd stage starts
Eu-K’s divide cont.
•2 – Chromatids Separate
•Separation called Mitosis
•Ensures new cells get copies of ea. Chromo
•3- Cell divides – 2 identical cells
The Cell in ActionChapter 2: Section 1
Cells Exchanging
lCells must keep the ability to obtain energy and exchange raw materials
lMaterials move both into and out of cells
Diffusion
lThe movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
–This occurs across cell membranes or outside of cells
–Energy is not needed for diffusion to occur
Diffusion of Water
lOsmosis
–The diffusion of water through the cell membrane
lOsmosis in a cell
–Keeps the concentration of water balanced between areas inside and outside of the cell
–Plants also use osmosis to take in and release water (wilted stalk of celery)
Moving Small Particles
lCell membrane is made of phospholipid molecules
–Not all particles can pass through this membrane by diffusion (ex: sugar (glucose) & amino acids)
–When entering & leaving these particles pass through protein doorways in the cell membrane
–Passive & Active Transport
Passive Transport
lDiffusion of particles through the proteins
–High to low concentration
–NO energy needed
Active Transport
lMovement of particles through proteins AGAINST the normal direction of diffusion
–Low to High concentration
–Energy must be used (comes from ATP molecule)
–Made by what organelle?
What About Large Particles
lEndocytosis
–Cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle (Do you remember this?)
–This allows large particles in other cells
Large particles cont.
lExocytosis
–Removes large particles from the cell
–Vesicles are formed by the ER or Golgi Complex and carry the particle to the cell membrane
7ph Dialogue for cell organelles
Chloroplast and nucleus
Chloroplast- “hey nucleus, dude, I need a break.”
Nucleus- “WHAT! A break! That’s insane!”
C- “come on man, I’ve got sunburn. I’ve been making so much energy you wouldn’t believe it!
N- “A break, I can’t believe it, you should know that when I was a boy I produced energy 24/7. Now, the entire cell is mine. This could all be yours someday. Not if you take a break though. Without you labor workers, the whole cell could die. Now don’t let me down.
C- “Whoaaaaaa, the whole cell mine? Now that’s awesome! All right, i’ll work but all i have to say is the man has beaten me down catch you later.
Conversation between the Endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus.
ER: I think I work to hard and need a vacation.
Nucleus: No! We need you!
ER: Why do you need me?
Nucleus: Because my cell will fall apart. You are a big part of my cell.
ER: Well I think I need a break.
Nucleus: It’s true that you work to hard, but everyone needs to do their fair share so the cell works properly. You are very important because without you the cell doesn’t have anybody to make lipids, break down drugs, and other substances, or package up proteins for release from the cell.
ER: Okay I guess that I’m not going to take a break.
R “hi Nucleus.”
N “hi ribosome.”
R “I really need a break.”
N “No you can’t!”
R “why I never get one.”
N “give me one reason why you think you should get a break.”
R “cause I’m really tired, I work so hard, and I never get a break.”
R “how about you give me reason why I should not get a break.”
N “cause you supply us with the protein that we need without you we would eventually die.”
R “oh I had no idea I was so important I will not take a break. Thank you for helping me realize I was so important,”
By Max, Kourtney, grace, and Stewart
A Conversation Between The Vacuole and the Nucleus
By: Hannah Zenisek, Anna Nelson,
Shawn Costello and Emma Biltz.
Nucleus: Hi Vacuole.
Vacuole: Hi Nucleus.
Nucleus: What’s on your mind?
Vacuole: Well, I’ve been thinking, and I’ve been working too hard. I need a break! I’m going on vacation!
Nucleus: WHAT!? You can’t go on vacation.
Vacuole: Well why not?
Nucleus: Because it’s your job to give us water, and with out water we’ll die.
Vacuole: Won’t you be fine for two days?
Nucleus: No, because we need water all the time. Besides, were would you go?
Vacuole: I was thinking about going to the petals, but I guess your right. I’ll stay!
THE END
Golgi
Hey what up Golgi complex?
What up bro?
You look tired ‘says Nucleus.”
I am I’ve been working 24/7.
I need a break I’m going to take a day off.
You can’t that’s your job.
You don’t really need me, it’s only one day.
Without you we would get no protein and who would the ER send there lipids to, who will ship the proteins and lipids around and out of the cell.
But it’s only one day?
But if you don’t ship the proteins and lipids the body won’t get the protein it needs, you need to stay to keep the cell going, and so the body will get the protein it needs.
So I am needed and without me the body won’t get the protein it needs.
So are you going to stay at work?
Yeah I’ll stay to keep the cell and the body going.
Science
M- I want a break! I’m so tired of breaking down all of these food molecules to make energy.
N- You can’t take a break because we need that energy so that all of the others can perform their jobs.
M- No, I want a break I have been working so hard everyday! And I have been working for all my life with no vacation.
N- If you take a break then I’ll have to let all of the others organelles take a break.
M- I work 86,400 seconds a day. And with no break, it feels life 1 million days! I need to get away on vacation.
N-SHUT UP! You’re not taking a break!
M- Then I Quit
N- No we need you please stay
M- Ok I’ll stay
N -Hurray
7y Dialogue for cell organelles
Alex, Nathan, Julian, Annie (Golgi Complex)
GC: I think I work too hard. I need a vacation. Please, Nucleus.
N: No, you have to stay in the cell. It needs you.
GC: Why? The ER is just like me.
N: True, the ER also transports materials around the cell, but only you can transport them out.
GC: But still, I work too hard. I need a vacation.
N: I’ll tell you what. You don’t get a vacation, and you’ll work twice as hard.
GC: Yeah!… Wait a minute, that’s not fair.
N: You don’t get it. If you weren’t working, then other organelles wouldn’t be able to get their materials. Plus, the cell would get too big because there would be nothing to transport materials out of the cell
GC: …
N: See what I mean? O.K. I’ve got to talk to the ER because he wants a vacation, too. See you around the cell.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria- Nucleus, can I please have a break?
Nucleus- No, we can’t afford to lose your fantastic ATP, also we need you to break down food molecules.
M- But the cell already has multiple mitochondria so you don’t need me.
N- But we need you guys to work together to make enough ATP to survive.
M- Oh, if leaving means our cell dying, I won’t go.
N- I’m glad you came to your senses.
Golgi Complex- Nucleus, can I have a break?
Buh-dum-ching
Dialogue: Chloroplast to Nucleus
Chloroplast:
Excuse me sir, may I please have a day off? I work hard to keep this plant alive.
Nucleus:
You are right; you do deserve a day off. But you can’t, you are much needed here. You give food to the cell and without you we would die. Chloroplasts use photosynthesis, energy from the sun to keep the plant alive.
Chloroplast:
I guess I can’t take a day off. And anyways no one else can do my job. Thank you for talking with me Mr. N.
Nucleus:
We can talk anytime, but remember stick with your job; you’re the best at it.
By:
Nola McErlane, Megan Healy, Becca Heer, and William Miles
The Dr. Phillis Show
Nucleus- Liam
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- Sarah & Molly
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- Alison & Liam
Dr. Phillis- Gretchen
Dr. P: Hello! And welcome to THE DR. PHILLIS SHOW! Today we have three special guests. The R ER, the S ER, and the Nucleus. So, what seems to been the problem??
R ER: Well I sit here all day and work my butt off, packaging proteins for distributions. I think I deserve a day off, because all the nucleus does is sit back, hold DNA and order us around.
S ER: Well I beg to differ. I think that you and your ribosomes are so snooty. You think that your work is so important and that my work is so lame. So…
Dr. P: Okay I think I see the problem here. So why don’t we bring out Mr. Nucleus and we can hear his side of the story.
Mr. N: Thanks for having me on your show Dr. Phillis.
Dr. P: No problem. So, Mr. Nucleus, how do you feel about two organelles fighting about who should get the day off?
Mr. N: Well I think that their argument is so stupid because I haven’t really offered a day off yet. It was more like ORGANELLE OF THE MONTH.
Dr. P: Okay. So who are you going to choose?
Mr. N: Probably the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
S ER: WHAT?!?!?! How could you say that? You are the worst…
Dr. P: Okay that’s all the time we have for today! See you next time on… THE DR. PHILLIS SHOW!!! Goodnight everyone.
Styli, El, Sam, and Joe
C.W. Nucleus! I want a vacation. The other organelles are making fun of me. They say I’m…Wide in the waist!
N. Why? What makes you deserve a vacation? If you weren’t here, we would be just fine, right?
C.W. No. The cell membrane would collapse and you will die! J
N. But I control you, you can’t leave. Mwah ha ha.
C.W. But I’m tired.
N. No you are the only defense to the entire cell. If too much water comes in, you are the only one to save us from tearing.
C.W. I hate you nucleus!
N. Oh don’t get me started on what would happen if I took a vacation!
Class notes 9-16-09
Eukaryotic Cells:
The Discovery of Cells
Book C Chapter 1 Section 2 Notes
Cellular Scientists
•Robbie Hooke:
–1665 Discovered Cells = “little rooms” with a primitive microscope
•Anton van Leeuwenhoek:
–1673 Viewed bacteria and yeast under a handmade microscope
•Matthias Schleiden:
–1838 “all plants have cells”
The Cell Theory (3 parts)
•Theodor Schwann
•All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells.
•The cell is the basic unit of life in ALL living things.
•All cells come from existing cells.
All Cells …
•Have a cell membrane
–Barrier between outside the cell and inside the cell
•Have DNA
–Controls cell’s activities and is hereditary material
•Have Cytoplasm and Organelles
–A structure within a cell that has a function
–Cytoplasm: cellular fluid
Why are most cells SOOO small?
•Surface-to-volume Ratio
–The size of a cell’s outer surface compared to it’s volume (amount it holds.)
–The volume of a cell increases faster than its surface area.
–STVR decreases = Cells increase
Uni vs. Multi
•Unicellular organisms have a large STVR.
•Multicellular organisms can grow larger and do many more things.
2 Cell Types
•1. Prokaryotes
–No nucleus but has circular DNA
–Aka Bacteria
–Hard outer membrane
–Ribosomes make proteins
–3.5 bya old
2 Cell Types…
•2. Eukaryotes
–2 bya old
–10 times larger than prokaryotes
–Nucleus with linear DNA
–Membrane-covered organelles
–Makes up plants, animals, fungi, and protists