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99 EARTH SCIENCE
FACTS YOU SIMPLY MUST KNOW
1-Dark & rough / absorbs light
Light & smooth / reflects light
2-The earth’s orbit is / nearly circular
3-Two proofs that the earth rotates /
Coriolis Effect & Foucaults Pendulum
4-The proof that the universe is
expanding is /the redshift
5-Porosity does NOT depend on /
particle size
6-The sediments deposited at the mouth
of a river form a / delta
7-Plate tectonics is caused by/mantle
convection currents
8-The farther you go from the center of
a ridge/the older the rocks get
9- The weather in a high is/ nice
(sunny no precip)
The weather in a low is/ bad
(cloudy & precip)
10-One seismograph can give
you/epicenter distance
To get the direction you
need/three seismographs
11- Streams valleys are / V shaped
12-The mineral & rock that react to
acid are/ calcite & limestone
13-The first scientist to determine the
circumference of the Earth/Eratosthenes
14-As particle size increases,
permeability / increases
15-A new moon occurs when / the moon is
between the earth & the sun
A full moon occurs when / the
earth is between the sun & the moon
16-Minerals are identified on the basis
of / well defined physical and chemical properties
17-As particle size increases,
capillary action / decreases
18-The basic elements of most minerals
are / oxygen and silicon
19-The physical properties of minerals
depends upon / the internal arrangement and bonding of atoms
20-Rocks are classified on the basis of
/ their origin (how they formed)
21-Igneous rocks form by / the
crystallization of molten magma or lava (intergrown crystals)
22-Crystal size in igneous rocks
depends on / the rate of cooling
23-Intrusive igneous rocks form /
slowly beneath the earth’s surface (large crystals)
24-Extrusive igneous rocks form /
quickly on the earth’s surface (small crystals)
25-Continental crust / granite and
thick
Oceanic crust / basalt and thin
26-Sedimentary rocks form from /
sediments, evaporation of water and organic remains
27-Rocks are identified by their /
texture
Igneous / coarse, fine, glassy,
vesicular
Sedimentary / clastic (detrital)
and chemical
Metamorphic / foliated and
nonfoliated
28-Fossils are found almost exclusively
in / sedimentary rocks
29-Metamorphic rocks form from / other
rocks by the action of heat and/or pressure (recrystallization)
30-Contact metamorphism occurs when /
molten rock comes in contact with other rocks
31-Regional metamorphism occurs / over
large areas and is associated with mountain building
32-A solar eclipse happens when / the
moon is between the earth & the sun and it blocks out the sun
33-A lunar eclipse happens when / the
Earth is between the sun & the moon and the Earths shadow hits the moon
34-We know the outer core is liquid
because / S waves cant go through it
35-The area drained by a river and its
tributaries is a / watershed
36-The closer & larger two objects are
/ the greater the force of gravity
37-Plate tectonics says / the earth’s
lithosphere is divided into pieces called plates that move
38-The 3 types of plate boundaries are
/ divergent (moving away at mid ocean ridges), convergent (coming together)
and transform (sliding / San Andreas Fault)
39-Subduction is when / one plate sinks
under another forming a trench
40-Weathering occurs when rocks are
exposed to / the hydrosphere, biosphere, & atmosphere
41-Moist & warm climates favor /
chemical weathering
42-Moist & cold climates favor /
physical weathering
43-When in doubt / use the Earth
Science Reference Tables
44-As particle size decreases / surface
area increases & the rate of weathering increases
45-Soils develop as a result of /
weathering and biological activity
46-The primary force that drives the
agents of erosion is / gravity
47-Latitude of Vernon 41.198°N;
Longitude 74.483 °W
48-The closer isolines are / the
steeper the gradient
49-Stream velocity depends on /
gradient and volume of water
50-The outside of a meander bend is /
fast and erodes. The inside of a meander bend is / slow and deposits
51-As stream velocity increases, the
size of the particles that can be transported / increases
52-Streams carry sediments by /
solution, suspension, bouncing & rolling
53-The particles that settle out first
are / larger, most dense, and roundest
54-Water and wind deposits are / sorted
by size and layered
55-Gravity and glacial deposits are /
unsorted
56-Resistant layers of rock / stick out
(forms cliffs)
57-Glacial landscapes show / U shaped
valleys, depressions, irregular hills, scratched boulders
58-In undisturbed strata, the bottom
layer is / older
59-Faults, folds, & intrusions are /
younger than the rocks they are found in
60-Index fossils are / found over a
wide area and existed for a short period of time
61-Rocks / Remember (be able to
identify based on their properties)
62-An unconformity is a / buried
erosional surface
Unconformities represent a / gap
in the geologic record
63-Precipitation occurs when: warm,
moist air rises, expands and cools
64-The half life of a radioactive
istope / cannot be changed
65-Carbon is used to date / recent
organic remains
66-Most life forms of the geologic past
have / become extinct
67-Warm air is capable of / holding
more water vapor than cool air
68-As altitude increases, air pressure
/ decreases
69-Wind is named for / the direction it
comes from
Wind is caused by / differences
in air pressure
70-The closer air temperature is to the
dew point / the greater the chance of precipitation
71-Air in a low pressure area is / warm
& moist
Air in a high pressure area is /
cool & dry
72-The altitude of Polaris equals / the
latitude of the observer
73-A rising barometer means / good
weather is coming
A falling barometer means / bad
weather is coming
A steady barometer means / no
change
74-Fronts occur where / air masses meet
75-The most likely areas for
precipitation are / the leading edges of air masses (fronts)
76-The circulation around a low
pressure system is / counterclockwise, toward the center, where air rises
The circulation around a high
pressure system is / clockwise, away from the center, where air sinks
77-Weather systems in the US usually
move / from west to east (with a hook to the NE)
78-CT / warm & dry CP / cool & dry
MT / warm & moist MP / cool &
moist
79-Hurricanes form / over warm oceans
in summer and autumn
80-Hurricanes lose strength / as they
move over land or cool water
81-To find Polaris (N. star) / go 5
times the distance between the pointer stars of the big dipper
82-The earth rotates / west to east, 15
degrees per hour, in 24 hours or one day
83-In the US, at noon, to see the sun
you have to face / south
84-The earth revolves /
counterclockwise, 1 degree per day, in 365 1/4 days or one year
85-As a planet gets closer to the sun /
the faster it orbits
86-The earth’s orbit around the sun is
/ nearly circular
87-The moon revolves / around the
earth, in an elliptical orbit, in one month
88-The seasons are caused by / the tilt
of the earth’s axis & the revolution around the sun
89-The intensity of sunlight varies
with / the angle of
the sun
90-The sun is most intense at an angle
of / 90
91-Shadows get longer as the sun / gets
lower
92-Summer solstice / June 21
sun rises / north of east
sun sets / north of west
sun’s altitude / highest of year
vertical ray hits / tropic of
cancer
NJ gets / 16 hours of daylight
North Pole gets / 24 hours of
daylight
93-Winter solstice / December 21
sun rises / south of east
sun sets / south of west
sun’s altitude / lowest of year
vertical ray hits / tropic of
Capricorn
NJ gets / 8 hours daylight
North Pole gets / 0 hours daylight
94-Vernal Equinox / March 21
Autumnal Equinox / September 23
sun rises / due east
sun sets / due west
vertical ray hits / equator
whole earth gets / 12 hours
95-The equator always receives / 12
hours of intense sunlight
96-The earth absorbs mostly / short
wavelength light energy
The earth reradiates mostly / long
wavelength heat energy
97-Gases such as carbon dioxide /
prevent the escape of heat causing the greenhouse effect
98-Marine climate has / cool summers &
warm winter
Continental climate has / cold
winter & hot summers
99-Leeward side of a mountain is / dry
& warm due to compression
Windward side of a mountain is / cool &
moist due to expansion
THE "LUCKY" 13 EARTH
SCIENCE FACTS
1- The 3 types of plate boundaries are / divergent
(moving away at mid ocean ridges), convergent (coming together) and transform
(sliding/San Andreas Fault)
2- Glacial landscapes show / U shaped
valleys, depressions, irregular hills, scratched boulders 3-The physical
properties of minerals depends upon / the internal arrangement and bonding of
atoms
4-Igneous rocks form by / the
crystallization of molten magma or lava (intergrown crystals)
5-Sedimentary rocks form from /
sediments, evaporation of water and organic remains
6-Metamorphic rocks form from / other
rocks by the action of heat and/or pressure (recrystallization)
7-The closer air temperature is to the
dew point / the greater the chance of precipitation
8-A rising barometer means / good
weather is coming
A falling barometer means / bad
weather is coming
A steady barometer means / no
change
9-The circulation around a low pressure
system is / counterclockwise, toward the center, where air rises
The circulation around a high
pressure system is / clockwise, away from the center, where air sinks
10-The earth rotates / west to east, 15
degrees per hour, in 24 hours or one day
11-The earth revolves /
counterclockwise, 1 degree per day, in 365 1/4 days or one year
12-The moon revolves / around the
earth, in an elliptical orbit, in one month
13-Summer solstice / June 21
sun rises / north of east sun sets
/ north of west
sun ‘s altitude / highest of year
vertical ray hits / tropic of cancer
NJ gets / 16 hours North Pole gets
/ 24 hours
Winter solstice / December 21
sun rises / south of east sun
sets / south of west
sun’s altitude / lowest of year
vertical ray hits / tropic of
Capricorn
NJ gets / 8 hours North Pole gets /
0 hours
Equinoxes/ March 21/Sept 23
sun rise/ due east sunset/due west
vertical ray hits / equator
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