ADVANCED BIOLOGY 2009 - 2010: (You may have to scroll down for most recent assignment!!!!)

Main Topics:

• HOMEOSTASIS!!
• Biochemistry:
• Why do atoms form bounds?
• Types of bonds:
• Covalent: polar and nonpolar
• Ionic
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Van der Waals Interactions
• Important chemical properties:
• Valence Electrons and Valence Shells
• Electronegativity
• Functional Groups:
• Methyl
• Hydroxyl
• Carboxyl
• Cardonyl: ketone and aldehyde
• Sulfhydryl
• Phosphate
• Amino
• Macromolecules: form and function
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Other:
• monomer to polymer
• dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction
• hydrolysis
• Cells:
• Evolution of ...:
• SA to Volume Ratio
• Endomembrane Hypothesis
• Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
• Prokaryotes vs Eukarotes
• Organelles: know form and function
• general themes: surface area, compartmentalization, specialization
• Signal Hypothesis
• Cell Membranes:
• fluid-mosaic model: know form and function
• Moving materials in and out of cells:
• Passive Transport:
• Simple Diffusion
• Facilitated Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Active Transport
• Cotransport
• Bulk Transport:
• Endocytosis: pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Other:
• isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
• conentration gradient
• Metabolism:
• Defⁿ: "Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell"
• Free energy
• Coupled Reactions:
• endergonic and exergonic
• anabolic and catabolic
• oxidation and reduction
• Enzymes:
• Structure and Function: what factors affect structure and function
• Lock and Key Model (old model)
• Induced Fit Model
• Active Site and Allosteric Site
• Aerobic Cellular Respiration: know the chemical equation
• know all the steps: what goes in and what comes out
• make sure you understand ETC and Chemiosmosis
• role of O₂
• Electrochemical Gradients
• Fermentation:
• know both types and purpose
• Photosynthesis: know chemical equation
• know the general purpose and the connection to aerobic cellualr respiration
• photosynthetic pigments: function
• light and photons

Sample Essay Questions:

1. Metabolism is essential to a cell’s ability to survive, reproduce and maintain homeostasis.  Define the term “metabolism” and then explain the importance of coupled reactions to the process of metabolism.  Make sure you include a discussion of free energy (G) and that you provide a specific example of coupled reactions in your answer.
2. Homeostasis is an essential characteristic of all living organisms.  Define the term “homeostasis” and explain how the cell membrane allows the cell to maintain homeostasis.  You must provide a discussion of the structure of the cell membrane and a specific example of how the membrane allows the cell to maintain homeostasis.  Be complete, be specific and use diagrams to support and illustrate your answer.
3. Form fits function.  Describe and explain the form (structure) of proteins and how this structure specifically explains the function of enzymes.  Your answer should include but not be limited to a discussion of

·         The 1^o, 2^o, 3^o and 4^o structure of proteins

·         The induced-fit model of enzymes

·         The effect of temperature on the structure and function of enzymes

 

Be complete and use specific examples to illustrate and support your answer.