Ohio Achievement Test Study Guide
Native American groups developed different ways of life depending on the
environment in which they lived
„o Eastern Woodlands-hunted, grew corn, beans and fished, wood houses
„o Northwest Coast-totem poles, fished, gathered, wooden homes
„o Plains-buffalo was important to them, teepees, horses
„o Southwest- irrigated to farm, lived in adobe or cliff houses
Paleo Indians 13,00-7,00 BC hunted, gathered, made spear points
Archaic Indians 8,00-500 BC-settled, made crude homes, made tools
Woodland (included Adena nd Hopewell-farmed some, built mounds
Late Prehistoric 900-1650 AD farmed corn
Historic 1650- present Iroquois, were mostly driven out by white selttlers
Native Americans today may live on a reservation which the government has
set aside for their particular tribe. During the 1800¡¦s the government
moved the Indians west on the Trail of Tears and told them they could have
the land where Oklahoma is but later took it away. Today the Indians
ownership of the reservation land is protected by law but life is not always
easy there. The tribes struggle to keep their heritage alive.
Why European countries explored and colonized America
„o French-Trapping
„o Spanish-gold and missions
„o English-land and opportunity, religious freedom
„o Africans- brought as slaves
Influences from other countries
„o Swedish settled in Philadelphia, PA
„o Netherlands-New York
„o England-settled in coast of US (original colonies)
o New England- mills and fishing
o Middle Colonies- grew grain
o Southern Colonies-grew tobacco and cotton
„o Spain-came looking for gold or to spread religion, missions, cattle
ranches
„o France-fur trappers and traders. Settled around Great Lakes and the
Mississippi and New Orleans
„o African Americans- blues and jazz music
„o Native American-place names like Mississippi and Ohio
People change the land when they use it.
„o by introducing new species (honeysuckle, kudzu)
„o settlers built roads
„o people built railroads
„o people built canals to move goods and people
„o cut down trees
„o by using the natural resources
o mining for coal
o minerals
o metals
o drilling for gas and oil
Transportation
„o locks were built for St. Lawrence Seaway
„o roads and railroads were built-forests and prairies became cities
and towns
Environmental Problems
„o harmful substances mix with air, water and soil
„o fossil fuels used by automobiles
„o smog-smoke, gases and other chemicals
„o Acid Rain- damages buildings statues, crops etc
„o Automobiles- people travel more for longer distances
„o Land- strip mining cutaway dirt
„o Farming- fertilizers and pesticides
Immigration
„o Spanish settled in the south (South America, Mexico, and southern
US) gold and religion
„o French settled in Canada and northern US-fur trade
„o English settled the US coastal area-religious freedom and
opportunity for a better life
„o Immigrants believed their new life would be much better than before
but it was often full of hardship. They tended to settle near people from
their own country.
Geography
„o America has renewable and non-renewable resources
„o Middle of the country has land best suited to farm grain and corn.
Southern farmers can plants crops that take a longer growing season (rice,
cotton, tobacco) Northern areas-timbering and coastal areas fishing.
„o Climate is the pattern of weather over a long period of time. It
includes temperature and precipitation. Normally the farther from the
equator, the colder it gets.
„o The tilt of the Earth causes the seasons. When northern hemisphere
is tilted toward the sun, we have summer.
„o Rain shadow effect- clouds pick up moisture over water when they
reach a mountain and rise it falls in the form of precipitation so the other
side of the mountain is dryer, less vegetation.
Compare Cultural Practices
„o Folk art- traditional art of the people who belong to a certain group
„o Eastern Europe- fine needle work
„o Sweden-colored furniture
„o Japan- colored pottery
„o Diversity- a variety of differences in language, religion and food
Economics
Allocation Methods
„o Sharing Equally- everyone gets equal amount
„o Command- government controls what everyone gets
„o Free Enterprise- more variety, more choices
„o First Come- First served- first person to buy it gets it
„o Price control with supply and demand
„o Rationing-limiting goods and services to fixed amounts
„o Lottery-drawing to see who gets what
All societies have to decide what to produce, how much and for whom.
Productive Capacity
„o Education-training in technology or degrees
„o Specialization-focus on one part of production
„o Division of Labor work divided among many people
Relationship between Supply and Demand
„o Supply-how much is available-demand-how much people want
„o Supply Up-price down
„o Supply down-price up
„o Demand up- price up
Factor of production
„o Land-raw materials, land, property
„o Labor-the workers
„o Capital-factory, machines, tools, equipment, money
„o Entrepreneurship-decisions about the business (advertising, what to
make, how much to make etc)
Countries in North America become dependent on each other and rely on each
other for trading items. For example Mexico has oil and textiles, Canada
How the US became independent from Britain.
„o After the French and Indian War Britain (also called England) needed
money to pay the war debt
„o Britain started taxing the US colonies although they did not have a
representative in Parliament (the group that governed Britain)
„o Colonist started protesting (Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party)
„o Britain passed laws that angered colonist (closed Boston, housed
British soldiers with American families)
„o First shots fired at Lexington and Concord
„o Colonists won the war and became an independent nation
Slavery
„o African Americans were brought over from Africa during the colonial
period and the journey was very difficult
„o Many people died on the slave ships during the journey to America
„o When the African people arrived they were separated from their
families and sold.
„o They had no control over their lives and were not allowed to learn
to read and write.
Government
„o Legislative Branch makes laws
„o Executive Branch carries out laws
„o Judicial Branch interprets laws or decides if they are fair
„o People are the source of the government¡¦ authority
„o Citizens have a right and responsibility to vote and influence
government
„o The government is run by the people through elected representatives
„o Powers of the government are limited by law
„o Basic Rights are guaranteed by the Constitution
„o Declaration of Independence-stated that the colonies now considered
them separate from Britain and Constitution is the document that sets up
American Government
Citizenship
„o Two ways to become a citizen-birth naturalization (taking a test and
an oath)
„o You have an obligation to obey laws, pay taxes, serve on a jury,
register for selective service
„o Freedom of the press-right to disagree with someone or government in
print
„o Freedom of Religion-right to worship how you please
„o Freedom of speech- right to express your opinion
„o Right of petition and assembly- to meet and discuss things
Fourth Grade-Inventors from Ohio
Thomas Edison light bulb, movie projector
Granville Woods-telegraph
Garrett Morgan- gas mask, traffic light
Orville and Wilbur Wright-first engine powered plane,
Charles Kettering-self starter for car