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- The Cell (Chapters 6 - 8)
- The Molecular Basis of Heredity (Chapters 10 & 11)
- Biological Evolution (Chapters 15 & 17)
- Interdependence of Organisms (Chapters 2 - 5)
- Matter, Energy and Organization in Living Systems (Chapter 9)
- Behavior and Regulation (Chapters 33, 35.1, 36 & 39)
The Cell (Chapters 6 - 8)
a. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
b. Identify and explain the functions of the cellular structures that are
responsible for energy production, waste disposal, molecular synthesis,
storage of genetic material, cell movement, and active and passive transport
c. Trace the development of cell theory.
d. Discuss uses of technologies that enable in-depth studies of the cell,
such as microscopes, ultracentrifuge techniques, and radioscopy studies.
d. Demonstrate an understanding of the roles of enzymes in chemical reactions
within the cell.
e. Differentiate among the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids in the cell.
f. Compare DNA and RNA.
g. Illustrate the steps of protein synthesis and explain the role of the
triplet codon in protein synthesis.
h. Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of DNA and proteins in cell
regulation.
i. Discuss mishaps in cell regulation (e.g., tumors).
j. Demonstrate the understanding that cells can differentiate and form
complex multicellular organisms that are a highly organized arrangement of
differentiated cells (e.g., illustrate the development of both an animal and
a plant multicellular organism: cells, specialized cells, tissues, organs,
organ systems, and organisms).
k. Determine how organs and systems in both plants and animals function as a
physiological unit.
l. Evaluate how a degenerative disease involves the deterioration of organs
or tissues.
The Molecular Basis of Heredity (Chapters 10 & 11)
a. Demonstrate an understanding of the key features of DNA, genes, and
chromosomes and the relationships that exist among them.
b. Analyze the chemical structure of DNA and explain how DNA replication
occurs.
c. Evaluate the impact of DNA technology on society (e.g., bioengineering,
forensics, genome project, DNA fingerprinting).
d. Compare the key features and differences between mitosis and meiosis.
e. Make predictions concerning inheritance based on Gregor Mendel's laws of
heredity.
f. Discuss significant advancements in the study of heredity since Mendel,
including the chromosome theory.
g. Demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics and implications of
both chromosomal and genetic mutations (e.g., the occurrence of genetic
disorders such as sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disorder, cystic fibrosis,
and hemophilia).
h. Demonstrate an understanding of how mutations contribute to genetic
diversity.
Biological Evolution (Chapters 15 & 17)
a. Demonstrate an understanding of the factors that affect evolution, such as
the number of offspring, genetic variability, finite supply of resources, and
environmental factors.
b. Demonstrate an understanding of the scientific evidence that establishes
that change occurs over time.
c. Demonstrate an understanding of the process of natural selection and its
consequences.
d. Infer how a fossil record can reveal evolutionary changes over time.
e. Discuss the various lines of scientific evidence that underlie our
understanding of the evolution and diversification of life over time.
f. Describe how carbon dating is utilized in the study of evolution.
g. Discuss Charles Darwin's contribution to the study of evolution.
h. Investigate the modern kingdom classification system, which is based on
fossil record interpretation and similarities in structural and chemical
makeup.
i. Demonstrate an understanding of how to classify organisms on the basis of
structural adaptations, physiology, nutritional strategies, biochemical
similarities, genetic similarities, embryological similarities, and methods
of reproduction.
j. Develop a working definition of "living things," and justify why many
scientists group viruses in a category separate from living things.
Interdependence of Organisms (Chapters 2 - 5)
a. Demonstrate an understanding of how organisms interact with the biosphere
as part of the geochemical cycles (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, water
cycles).
b. Identify important nutrient cycles and evaluate how they affect ecosystems.
c. Demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy, beginning with the
sun, through various trophic levels.
d. Assess the value of the carbon cycle to the flow of energy through the
ecosystems.
e. Relate the concepts of cooperation and competition to organisms within an
ecosystem.
f. Evaluate how interrelationships and interdependencies of living things
contribute to the homeostasis of ecosystems.
g. Demonstrate an understanding of how living things maintain their high
level of order at the expense of increasing the disorder of their physical
surroundings.
h. Describe and give examples of demographic characteristics of populations
(e.g., birth and death rates, age structure, sex ratio).
i. Give examples and explain how limiting factors such as water, food,
oxygen, and living space play a role in the stability of ecosystems.
j. Predict how interactions among organisms such as predation, competition,
and parasitism affect population growth.
k. Demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics, stages, and
implications of succession on terrestrial ecosystems.
l. Evaluate dynamic equilibrium as a result of checks and balances within
populations, communities, and ecosystems.
m. Identify events that lead to awareness of environmental concerns such as
fish kills, destruction of the ozone layer, global warming, and the decline
of the bald eagle.
n. Discuss the conflicts that could occur between land developers and
conservationists.
o. Describe the effects of human overpopulation and activities on the
survival of other species.
p. Debate the consequences of extinction and the introduction of species
within ecosystems.
q. Assess the consequences of acid rain on ecosystems.
r. Give examples of how technology has advanced the study of environmental
science.
Matter, Energy and Organization in Living Systems (Chapter 9)
a. Summarize the basic process by which photosynthesis converts solar
energy into chemical energy (food molecules).
b. Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes by which cellular
respiration breaks down food molecules into energy that can be used by cells.
c. Analyze bond energy as it relates to food molecules.
d. Discuss the importance of ATP and how it is cycled.
e. Demonstrate an understanding of the factors involved in obtaining and
processing matter and energy for the development, growth, and maintenance of
organisms.
f. Demonstrate an understanding of homeostasis and the effect of an
energy deficit on that state.
g. Demonstrate an understanding of the dynamics of energy and entropy as
they apply to biological systems.
h. Analyze energy in biological systems in terms of transformation,
conservation, and efficiency.
Behavior and Regulation (Chapters 33, 35.1, 36 & 39)
a. Demonstrate an understanding of how cells of multicellular animals
communicate through signals conducted by a nervous system.
b. Demonstrate an understanding of the adaptive value of the reflexes (e.g.,
blinking of the eye, opening/closing of the iris, responses to hot and cold).
c. Give examples of specialized cells in sense organs that detect stimuli
(e.g., taste buds, touch receptors, rods and cones).
d. Investigate how different organisms maintain homeostasis.
e. Give examples of feedback mechanisms.
f. Identify pathogens and understand how organisms react to them.
g. Assess both the positive and the negative effects of introducing chemical
substances into the body.
h. Give examples of innate behavior and learned behavior.
i. Demonstrate an understanding of tropisms in plants as responses to
external stimuli.
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