Chapter
20 Study Guide
Multiple
Choice
Identify
the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
____
1.
The
series of events that led to the birth of modern science is called
|
a.
|
Renaissance
humanism.
|
c.
|
Greek
rationalism.
|
|
b.
|
the
Scientific Revolution.
|
d.
|
the
scientific method.
|
____
2.
Which
of the following best describes the method of gaining scientific knowledge?
|
a.
|
logic,
humanism, alchemy
|
c.
|
struggle,
revolution, achievement
|
|
b.
|
art,
observation, education
|
d.
|
observations,
facts, theories
|
____
3.
If
repeated experiments show that a theory is incorrect, a scientist would most
likely
|
a.
|
design
a new experiment.
|
c.
|
keep
the theory.
|
|
b.
|
develop
a new theory.
|
d.
|
take
new measurements.
|
____
4.
Ancient
Greek thinkers emphasized
|
a.
|
the
use of observation and logic.
|
c.
|
art
and beauty.
|
|
b.
|
religious
authority.
|
d.
|
exploration
and mapmaking.
|
____
5.
Who
was an ancient astronomer and mapmaker?
|
a.
|
Aristotle
|
c.
|
Thomas
Aquinas
|
|
b.
|
Nicolaus
Copernicus
|
d.
|
Ptolemy
|
____
6.
What
role did Muslims play in the Scientific Revolution?
|
a.
|
They
developed rationalism.
|
|
b.
|
They
taught Greek ideas in Europe’s universities.
|
|
c.
|
Their
translations of ancient Greek writings preserved ancient knowledge.
|
|
d.
|
Their
artwork and literature inspired European thinkers.
|
____
7.
What
event first caused Renaissance scholars to doubt ancient Greek thought?
|
a.
|
Columbus’s
discovery of the Americas
|
|
b.
|
advances
in astronomy
|
|
c.
|
Columbus’s
discovery of Asia
|
|
d.
|
Sir
Isaac Newton’s publication of his laws
|
____
8.
Which
of the following best explains how exploration contributed to the Scientific
Revolution?
|
a.
|
Exploration
led scholars to create more accurate maps.
|
|
b.
|
Exploration
led scholars to focus on the planets and the sun.
|
|
c.
|
Exploration
led Greek rationalists to focus on the powers of observation.
|
|
d.
|
Exploration
led scholars to challenge the thoughts of the ancient Greeks.
|
____
9.
Careful
and detailed recording of information is important in science because
|
a.
|
it
supports a scientist’s theory.
|
|
b.
|
it
is the only way to develop new theories.
|
|
c.
|
other
scientists can use what has been previously learned.
|
|
d.
|
records
are easily lost.
|
____
10.
Why
were Newton’s laws important to modern science?
|
a.
|
The
laws explained how to use calculus.
|
|
b.
|
The
laws explained how the physical world worked.
|
|
c.
|
The
laws were proven using a telescope.
|
|
d.
|
The
laws were published in Principia Mathematica.
|
____
11.
Which
of the following describes the order in which instruments of the Scientific
Revolution were invented?
|
a.
|
the
microscope, the telescope, and the thermometer
|
|
b.
|
the
telescope, the barometer, and the microscope
|
|
c.
|
the
thermometer, the barometer, and the telescope
|
|
d.
|
the
microscope, the thermometer, and the telescope
|
____
12.
Which
of the following explains the advancements in theories about the universe?
|
a.
|
Planets
move in oval orbits. The sun is the center of the universe. The sun orbits the
earth.
|
|
b.
|
Planets
orbit the earth. Planets move in circular orbits. The sun orbits the earth.
|
|
c.
|
The
earth is the center of the universe. Planets orbit the sun. Planets move in
oval orbits.
|
|
d.
|
The
sun moves in circular orbits. The sun is the center of the universe. The sun
orbits the earth.
|
____
13.
What
did Galileo use to study astronomy?
|
a.
|
a
barometer
|
c.
|
a
telescope
|
|
b.
|
a
microscope
|
d.
|
a
thermometer
|
____
14.
In
the scientific method, a hypothesis is different from a theory because a
hypothesis
|
a.
|
has
been proven true.
|
c.
|
is
based on observations.
|
|
b.
|
has
not been tested.
|
d.
|
is
not published.
|
____
15.
Which
of the following happens first in the scientific method?
|
a.
|
The
problem is stated.
|
c.
|
Information
is recorded and analyzed.
|
|
b.
|
A
conclusion is made from the data.
|
d.
|
A
hypothesis is formed.
|
____
16.
Which
of the following best describes how science influenced ideas about government?
|
a.
|
Scientific
discoveries supported the goals of a monarchy.
|
|
b.
|
Science
changed the role of religion in society.
|
|
c.
|
Reason
and science supported democratic ideas.
|
|
d.
|
Science
could help improve monarchies.
|
____
17.
After
the Scientific Revolution, people learned about the natural world by
|
a.
|
making
observations and conducting experiments.
|
|
b.
|
relying
on the past discoveries of scientists.
|
|
c.
|
listening
to government officials.
|
|
d.
|
following
church doctrine.
|
____
18.
Which
of the following is not a reason why Europeans began to explore the world?
|
a.
|
to
convert people to Christianity
|
c.
|
to
obtain spices from Asia
|
|
b.
|
to
find gold and silver
|
d.
|
to
develop new technologies
|
____
19.
Why
did Europeans begin to use tools such as the astrolabe and compass?
|
a.
|
to
find safe water routes to faraway places
|
|
b.
|
to
allow their ships to sail against the wind
|
|
c.
|
to
increase the speed of their ships
|
|
d.
|
to
make updated maps of the seas
|
____
20.
Which
country was the leading developer of advancements in sailing?
|
a.
|
Spain
|
c.
|
Portugal
|
|
b.
|
England
|
d.
|
France
|
____
21.
Prince
Henry the Navigator did which of the following to encourage exploration?
|
a.
|
build
an observatory for sailors
|
c.
|
studied
at a navigation school for sailors
|
|
b.
|
go
on voyages to Asia and Africa
|
d.
|
made
more accurate maps
|
____
22.
Christopher
Columbus made three voyages to America in his lifetime but always thought he
was in Asia. What conclusion can you draw from this fact?
|
a.
|
Columbus
did not know what Asia was like.
|
|
b.
|
Columbus
was an excellent navigator.
|
|
c.
|
Columbus
was not interested in America.
|
|
d.
|
Columbus
was afraid to admit his mistakes.
|
____
23.
What
does it mean to circumnavigate the globe?
|
a.
|
to
sail from one continent to another
|
c.
|
to
sail from one hemisphere to another
|
|
b.
|
to
sail all the way around the world
|
d.
|
to
sail to an unexplored part of the world
|
____
24.
Which
animals were brought to the Americas by the Spanish?
|
a.
|
alligators
|
c.
|
horses
|
|
b.
|
geese
|
d.
|
mules
|
____
25.
Which
religion did European missionaries attempt to spread to the New World?
|
a.
|
Islam
|
c.
|
Christianity
|
|
b.
|
Hinduism
|
d.
|
Buddhism
|
____
26.
What
was the importance of Europeans introducing sheep and sugar cane to the people
of the Americas?
|
a.
|
These
introductions created new industries in the Americas.
|
|
b.
|
These
introductions altered eating habits in the Americas.
|
|
c.
|
These
introductions ended slavery in the Americas.
|
|
d.
|
These
introductions caused new illnesses in the Americas.
|
____
27.
How
did people in the Americas begin to grow sugar cane?
|
a.
|
in
small fields and plots
|
c.
|
on
plantations
|
|
b.
|
the
way it was grown in Africa
|
d.
|
in
their yards
|
____
28.
In
order to maintain a profitable balance of trade, what did European countries
try to do?
|
a.
|
import
and export as few goods as possible
|
|
b.
|
import
and export an equal amount of goods
|
|
c.
|
import
more goods than they exported
|
|
d.
|
import
fewer goods than they exported
|
____
29.
European
countries obtained wood, cotton, furs, and dyes from their colonies. What
conclusion can you draw from this fact?
|
a.
|
The
countries used their colonies to acquire raw materials.
|
|
b.
|
The
countries were doing their best to help their colonies.
|
|
c.
|
The
countries did not want the colonies to have these things.
|
|
d.
|
The
countries had no other place from which to buy these things.
|
____
30.
Between
the late 1500s and the early 1800s, to which place were most enslaved people
transported?
|
a.
|
southern
Europe
|
c.
|
western
Africa
|
|
b.
|
the
New World
|
d.
|
all
of Asia
|
____
31.
Which
nation gained economic power as a result of new trade routes and banking
practices?
|
a.
|
England
|
c.
|
France
|
|
b.
|
Spain
|
d.
|
Portugal
|
____
32.
Which
of the following did not cause the demand for manufactured goods in Europe to
rise?
|
a.
|
The
population of Europe was growing and expanding.
|
|
b.
|
Food
became less costly, so there was more money to spend.
|
|
c.
|
There
were more colonies that got their goods from Europe.
|
|
d.
|
The
quality of the manufactured goods was decreasing over time.
|
____
33.
Why
is competition among businesses important in a capitalist economic system?
|
a.
|
Competition
ensures that all products will be good.
|
|
b.
|
Competition
affects how much products cost.
|
|
c.
|
Competition
determines who makes the goods.
|
|
d.
|
Competition
keeps the prices of goods the same.
|
____
34.
Which
of the following best describes a market economy?
|
a.
|
Governments
decide which goods and services people will make.
|
|
b.
|
Manufacturers
decide which goods and services people will buy.
|
|
c.
|
Merchants
decide which goods and services they will make.
|
|
d.
|
Individuals
decide which goods and services they will buy.
|
PRACTICING
SOCIAL STUDIES SKILLS
Study
the map below and answer the question that follows.
____
35.
Potatoes
are an important crop in many European countries. What does this tell you
about the Columbian Exchange?
|
a.
|
It
had little effect on the people of the Americas.
|
|
b.
|
It
caused Europeans to stop raising traditional crops.
|
|
c.
|
It
had a lasting effect on the people of Europe.
|
|
d.
|
It
is a reason many Europeans moved to North America.
|
Completion
Complete
each sentence or statement.
36.
____________________
were
thinkers who looked at the world in a reasonable and logical way. (Rationalists/Humanists)
37.
Developments
in Europe like the growth of ____________________ and the popularity of
alchemy helped bring about the Scientific Revolution. (humanism/capitalism)
38.
Portuguese
ships called ____________________ used triangular sails that allowed
ships to sail against the wind. (caravels/armadas)
39.
The
first navigator to find a sea route to Asia was ____________________. (Ferdinand
Magellan/Vasco de Gama)
40.
The
traffic of plants, animals, and ideas between the Americas and Europe is known
as the ____________________.(triangular trade/Columbian Exchange)
41.
A
system in which a government controls all economic activity in a country is
called ____________________. (mercantilism/capitalism)
42.
If
Spain and Portugal were considered the leading economic powers of the 1500s,
then ____________________ were the leading economic powers of the 1600s.
(England and the Netherlands/France and Denmark)
43.
The
exchange of raw materials, manufactured products, and slaves among Europe,
Africa, and the Americas was known as the ____________________. (triangular
trade/Columbian Exchange)
44.
An
economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most
industries is called ____________________. (mercantilism/capitalism)
45.
In
a market economy, an increase in demand means that manufacturers must ____________________
their supply. (increase/decrease)