Chapter 31 "The War to End War" (1917-1918)
I. Bad Germany! Bad!
A. Unrestricted U-Boat warfare (1-31-1917)
1. reneged at Sussex pledge
2. U.S. breaks off diplomatic relations
B. Zimmermann Note (3-1-1917)
1. proposed Ger-Mex. alliance
2. Mex. to recapture AZ, TX, NM
C. U-Boats sink 4 unarmed U.S. merchant ships
D. Collapse of autocratic Russian czar
E. Wilson ask for war declaration (passed 4-6-1917)
1. 6 senators against (Jeannette Rankin)
2. 50 reps against
II Pacifist President Leads the Nation to War
A. Wilson Idealism Kicks in High Gear
1. "war to end war"
2. "make world safe for democracy"
3. perfect fit
4. U.S. public: "Hang the Kaiser"
B. 14 Points
1. capstone: #14 = League of Nations
2. anti-imperialism (#5)
3. no secret treaties (#1)
4. Scoffed at by opponents ("God Almighty Wilson")
C. Creel Committee / Committee on Public Information
1. propaganda (posters, pamphlets, films)
2. 75,000 "four-minute men"
3. hang-the-Kaiser movies
4. "Liberty Leagues": buy war bonds / support war effort
D. Nationalism in Music
1. George M. Cohan "Over There"
2. singingest war
E. STIFLE YOURSELF!
1. 8 million German-Americans
2. anti-German hysteria
3. Espionage Act of 1917
a. aimed mostly at Germans & antiwar protesters
b. curbed right of free speech
c. used to jail socialists like Eugene Debs
d. Supreme Ct. upheld law in 1919 Schenck v. U.S. case
e. Congress can limit speech that presents a "clear and present danger"
4. Sedition Act of 1917
a. amendment to Espionage Act
b. severe penalties for interfering with prsecution of war
c. disloyal, profane, abusive language about US govt. or the flag
5. 1,900 prosecutions
a. Debs: 10 years
b. IWW Leader Haywood + 99 assoc.
F. War Mobilization
1. War Industries Board (March 1918)
a. Bernard Baruch: feeble powers
b. hampered by Amer. laissez-faire
2. National War Labor Board
a. ex-president Taft
b. prevent strikes when possible
c. War Dept's "work or fight" rule
d. AF of L support: prospers
e. IWW: resistance, sabotage
3. Labor Problems
a. 1919: Steel Industry Strike (250,000 workers)
b. hiring of 30,000 Black strikebreakers
4. Race Riots
a. Great Migration (exodus from Southland)
b. East St. Louis, MO: 49 dead (July 1917)
c. Chicago: 28 dead (July 1919)
5. Female Patriotism
a. 1000s go to factories/farms
b. reward: passage of 19th A (1920)
c. Women's Bureau in Dept. of Labor
6. Final Push for Female Suffrage
a. Alice Paul & Lucy Burns: National Woman's Party (1913)
b. picketed Wilson White House (1917)
c. compared Wilson to German Kaiser
d. arrests - jail and hunger strike
e. Wilson declares support for Anthony Amendment (Jan. 1918)
f. Last of 37 states ratified Anthony Amendment (Aug. 26, 1920)
g. Paul and Burns shift tactics to Equal Rights Amendment
7 War Economy
a. Food Admin.-Herbert Hoover
1. "Food Will Win the War: Don't Waste It"
2. all-voluntary compliance (no rationing)
3. meatless Tues./wheatless Wed.
b. restriction on foodstuffs for alcohol bev.s
c. 18th Amendment (1919): natl prohibition
d. Fuel Admin
1. heatless Mon/lightless nights
2. gasless Sundays
3. D.S.T. introduced
7. Liberty Loan Drives
a. $21 billion netted (2/3 of war cost)
b. increased taxation (1/3 of war cost)
8. Liberty Ship Construction
III. Doughboys Go "Over There"
A. Draft/Conscription
1. 4 million men
2. no substitutes
3. criticism in Congress
4. unfounded predictions of bloodshed
5. 11,000 women to navy (269 marines)
B. Hurried Training
1. few weeks of basic
2. no time for 6-month program
3. begin arriving in Euro. in early 1918
4. "Lafayette we are here"
C. Can They Fight?
1. Chateau-Thierry: first contact-stop Germans
2. 2nd Marne: American "Devil Dogs" (Belleau Wood)
3. Meuse-Argonne Offensive
a. 47 days (longest battle in US Hst)
b. 1.2 million American troops
c. heaviest fighting: Argonne Forrest (120,000 dead=10%)
d. Sgt. Alvin York's heroism
4. Other Fronts
a. 5,000 troops to invade Archangel (Russia)
b. 10,000 troops to Siberia
c. anti-Reds "White Armies"
D. Armistice Day: Nov. 11, 1918
IV. Versailles: What Kind of Peace?
A. Wilson's triumphant arrival
1. masked serious Wilson fumbles
2. Lodge-Wilson squabbles
B. Big Four at Paris Conference
C. Wilson gets League inserted in treaty (Part I.)
D. "Make Germany Pay!" sentiment
1. $56 billion reparations
2. forced acceptance of war guilt
3. stripped Alsace-Lorraine, Saar Basin away
E. Japanese demands (Shantung province, China)
F. Italian demands (port of Fiume)
G. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
1. July 1919: Americanize the treaty
2. Lodge reservations/amendments attached
3. Wilson cries foul
H. Wilson takes fight to the people
1. presidential tour (RR): Sept 1919
2. mixed reactions
3. Wilson collapse from exhaustion
I. Sad Conclusion
1. Invalid presidency (7.5 months)
2. Wilson: "All or nothing" message
3. fails twice: 1920
4. embittered Wilson dies 1924
5. U.S. never joins the League (doomed)
6. ultimate collapse of Treaty of Versailles
J. Election of 1920
1. Warren G. Harding (R-OH)-winner
a. ambiguous statements on League
b. front porch campaign
c. more down-to-earth candidate
d. people tired of Wilsonian idealism
e. largest plurality in US Hst (7 million votes)
2. James M. Cox (D-OH)-loser
a. pro-League
b. VP running mate: FDR
3. Eugene Debs-Socialist-in jail-919,000 votes
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Chapter 32 "American Life in the "Roaring Twenties" (1919-1929)
I. Oh no! The Reds are coming!
A. Communist Hysteria Hits America
1. Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
2. Seattle general strike of 1919 (orderly)
3. fear of labor unionists as left-wingers
B. "Red Scare" of 1919-1920
1. Attorney Gen. A. Mitchell Palmer
2. Palmer Raids-6,000 deported
3. Palmer house bombing-June 1919
4. "Buford" ("Soviet Ark"): 249 deported-Dec. 1919
C. Laws against Reds
1. criminal syndicalism laws
2. advocating violence=doing it
3. target: IWW & other radicals (socialists)
4. free speech tossed out(?)
5. five lawfully-elected NY lawmakers denied seats-1920
D. Sacco & Vanzetti Case (1921-1927)
1. 2 Italian anarchists (also atheists)
2. biased judge & jury finds guilty
3. appeal-worldwide rallies-no good-electrocution
E. "New KKK" Revival
1. close kin to 1850s nativism
2. anti-foreigner, anti-Catholic, anti-black, etc.
3. pro-Anglo-Saxon (WASP)
4. "100 Percent Americanism"
5. Five million members
6. downfall: misuse of dues(racket)
7. IN Grand Dragon Stephenson conviction-1925
F. Slamming Door of America Shut
1. years preceding WWI: avg. 1 million imms. per year
2. 1920-21: 800,000 (2/3 southern & eastern Euro)
3. Emergency Quota Act (1921)
a. slash to 3% of 1910 level
b. favored S. & E. Euro
4. Immigration Act (1924)
a. slash to 2% of 1890 level
b. biased to Western Euro (Brit/No. Ireland)
c. banned further Japanese imm.
d. purpose: keep American pop. same
5. Protest
II. Science versus God (Progress???)
A. Let's Drink to Prohibition
1. Eighteenth Amendment (1919) "Noble Experiment"
2. Volstead Act (enforcement)
3. broad popular support in South and Midwest
4. strongly opposed in E. cities
5. enforcement problems: few agents, easily bribed
6. old saloons replaced with "speakeasies" (1000s)
7. Rumrunners: smuggle in liquor from Can, Mex, W Indies
8. "Home brew"/"bathtub gin"
9. "Hooch"/"Rotgut"/"moonshine" (dangerous)
10. Not a complete failure
B. Gangsterism
1. gang wars in Chicago 1920s-over 500 deaths
2. 1925-1931: reign of "Scarface Al Capone"
a. won control of Chicago syndicate
b. St. Valentine's Day Massacre (1929): 7 rivals gunned down
c. insufficient evidence
d. tax evasion charges: 11 years
3. other org. crime rackets: gambling, prostitution, narcotics
4. "protection money" schemes (racketeers=extortion)
5. invasion of labor unions
6. By 1930, annual take of $12-$18 billion (3X fed. budget)
7. 1932 Lindbergh Baby kidnapping
a. backlash
b. Lindbergh Law-interstate abduction=death penalty
C. Scopes "Monkey Trial" (1925)-Dayton TN
1. evolution-Darwinism
2. Bible vs. Science
3. Fundamentalists vs. Modernists
4. Bryan vs. Darrow
D. Progressive Education
1. John Dewey (Columbia U)
2. "learning by doing)
3. workbench = blackboard
E. Rockefeller Foundation: hookworm eradication in South-1920s
III. Consumerism
A. Brief recession 1920-1921
B. Seven year expansion (1921-1929)=PROSPERITY
C. Assembly Line Production
1. Henry Ford
2. mid-1920s: roadsters cost $260
3. Model T ("Tin Lizzie"): 20 mill by 1930
4. Detroit plant: 1 every 10 seconds
5. sparked "love affair" with traveling/motion
D. Advertising-Bruce Barton-Madison Ave. Firm
1. The Man Nobody Knows (1925)
2. Jesus=best adman of all time
E. Efficiency-Frederick W. Taylor
1. stopwatch techniques
2. wasted motion-analysis
3. 1st industrial engineer
4. "Father of Scientific Management"
F. Gasoline Age
1. EMPLOYMENT: 6 million people by 1930
2. supporting industries
3. explosion petroleum biz. growth
4. diet changes (perishables): trucks
5. social status
6. leisure time/vacations
7. Urban Sprawl (suburbs)
8. fatalities (1 million deaths by 1951)
9. decline in morals (gangsters--teen sex)
G. Airplanes-Wright bros, Charles Lindbergh
1. Dec 17 1903-Kitty Hawk (12 secs, 120 ft)
2. "flying coffins"
3. multiple use in Great War (1914-18)
4. airmail contracts/passenger lines
5. May 1927- solo trans-Atlantic flight-Lindbergh
6. NY's Long Island to Paris: 33hrs, 39mins
7. Greatest American Hero - "Lone Eagle"
III. The "Roaring Twenties" (Culture)
A. Radio-Marconi
1. 1890s: Guglielmo Marconi-wireless telegraphy
2. Nov. 1920: KDKA Pittsburgh (1st radio station)
3. 1920s: long-distance broadcasting technology
4. 1923-1929: over 500 to over 800 stations
5. By 1929: 40% of American homes own one
6. National broadcasting co.: CBS & NBC
7. "Amos 'n' Andy" / commercials
B. Movies-silent, "Talkies," Hollywood
1. 1890s: Thomas Edison-motion picture camera
2. 1903: first story sequence: The Great Train Robbery (8mins)
3. 1912: over 13,000 movie theaters ("Nickelodeons")
4. 1915: The Birth of a Nation-D.W. Griffith-glorified KKK
5. 1920s: movie industry moves from NY to Hollywood
6. 1927: The Jazz Singer-Al Jolson-first "talkie"
C. Sex O'Clock in America
1. flappers
2. devil-may-care independence
3. Sigmund Freud: sexual repression unhealthy
4. female body on display (fashion)
5. 1921 Miss America Contest-Atlantic City, NJ
6. feminism: Margaret Sanger-birth control clinic-NYC
D. Jazz Age
1. New Orleans roots
2. African-American roots
3. developers: W.C. Handy, Jelly Roll Morton, King Oliver
4. whites cash in on profits
5. "Original Dixieland Jazz Band" /Paul Whiteman Orchestra
6. Messiah: Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong: Hot 5 and Hot 7 records
E. Harlem Renaissance
1. 100,000 Blacks-1920s
2. Langston Hughes-The Weary Blues (1927)
3. Garveyism-UNIA-Black Star Line-race pride
F. Literature
1. H.L. Mencken "Bad Boy of Baltimore"-critic of American society
2. F. Scott Fitzgerald-The Great Gatsby (1925)
3. Expatriates-post-WWI disillusionment
4. Ernest Hemingway-The Sun Also Rises (1926)
- A Farewell to Arms (1929)
5. William Faulkner-The Sound and the Fury (1929)
6. Sinclair Lewis- Babbitt (1922)
IV. Stock Market Boom-For Now
A. Wild stock market speculation
1. Wall Street very "bullish"
2. overspeculation/get-rich-quick schemes
B. GNP expansion 1922-1929: up 40%
C. Buying stocks "on margin" & "hot tips"
D. Ominous rise in national debt: 1914-1921
1. 1914: 1.2 billion
2. 1921: 24 billion
E. Republican Party: 1921-1933
1. lock on White House
2. create Bureau of the Budget (1921)
3. conservative principles of money mgmt.
4. Sec. Treasury Andrew Mellon: 1921-26 tax cuts
a. cut taxes for wealthy: 46% to 26%
b. reduce inheritance tax by 50%
c. balanced federal budget
d. reduced national by $10 billion ($26 to $16 B)
5. pro-business (laissez-faire)
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Chapter 33 "The Politics of Boom and Bust" (1920-1932)
I. Harding the Slob
A. Charming personality
B. Outmatched by demands of office
1. mediocre mind: "Amiable boob"
2. "God! What a job!"
C. Comparison to "Grantism" (cronies)
1. "Ohio Gang"
2. evil poker friends
D. Salvation: Smart men in Cabinet
1. Sec. State-Chas. Evans Hughes
2. Sec. Treas.-Andrew W. Mellon (alum. king)
3. Sec. Commerce-Herbert Hoover (Belgian relief)
E. Bad Apples in Cabinet
1. Sec. Interior-Albert B. Fall (anti-conservation)
2. Atty. General-Harry M. Daugherty (crook)
F. "Old Guard" Returns
1. McKinley-style old G.O.P.
2. put end to progressive era
3. LAISSEZ-FAIRE
4. Conservative Lock on Supreme Ct. (4 appointees)
a. chief justice-Taft
b. axes progressive laws (child labor, labor rights)
c. reversed Muller case in ADKINS v. CHILDREN'S HOSP.
d. women do NOT need special protection in workplace
5. Antitrust laws ignored (ICC run by RR stooges)
6. New "trade associations" form with G.O.P. blessing
G. Recession 1920-21
1. RRs returned to private mgmt. (WWI: govt-run)
2. Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920
a. private consolidation of RRs encouraged
b. ICC pledge to RR profitability
3. Merchant Marine Act of 1920
a. selling off of wartime fleet (bargain prices)
b. Shipping Board operates rest
4. Demise of Unions
a. Steel Strike of 1919 crushed ("Reds")
b. RR Labor Board: orders 12% wage cut (1922)
c. RR strike for 2 months
d. Daugherty: INJUCTION clamped down
e. union membership declines 30% from 1920-1930
5. Veterans Want Dough
a. Congress caves-Bonus Bill in 1922
b. Harding veto
c. Adjusted Compensation Act (1924): 3.5 Billion
H. Isolationism
1. July 1921-Congress declares WWI ended
2. "unofficial observers" to League (Geneva)
3. Disarmament Fever
a. prompted by businessmen
b. Harding seized issue
c. Washington "Disarmament" Conference (1921-22)
d. Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922
e. Sec. Hughes- 5:5:3 ratio (US-Br-Jap)
f. Four-Power & Nine-Power Treaties on Far East
g. Status Quo in the Pacific (Open Door-China)
4. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): outlaws war
I. Hiking the Tariff
1. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law (1922)
a. boosted tariff from 27% to 38.5%
b. old Wilson Underwood Tariff replaced
c. Tariff Commission: gives president power
d. Presidents Harding & Coolidge: 32 increases (5 reductions)
2. Europe reciprocates (TRADE WAR)
J. Scandals
1. Veterans Bureau Chief Col. Chas. Forbes (1923)
a. looted $200 million
b. netted 2 yrs in fed. pen
2. Sec. Interior Albert Fall-Teapot Dome (1921)
a. secret transfer of public lands
b. about $400,000 in bribes for "leases" to oilmen
c. sentenced to 1 year in jail
3. Atty Gen. Harry Daugherty (1924)
a. illegal sale of pardons & liquor permits
b. forced to resign
c. twice jury failed to convict
K. Harding Death-San Francisco-August 2, 1923
II. Silent Cal Takes Over
A. Unique swearing in
B. Personal characteristics (New Eng virtues)
C. Apostle of the status quo (Coolidge Luck=5.5 yrs)
D. Farm Relief
1. Coolidge twice vetoes McNary-Haugen Bill
2. idea: force govt. to buy surplus and sell abroad
3. farm prices stay depressed (deflation)
E. Three-Way Race in 1924
1. GOP: "Keep Cool & Keep Coolidge"
2. Dems: Wall Street lawyer John W. Davis
3. Progressives: Bob La Follette (AFL-supported)
4. 2 conservatives + 1 liberal
5. Easy Coolidge Victory (382-136-13)
F. Foreign-Policy
1. Coolidge: marines out & back-in Nicaragua (1926-33)
2. Coolidge: uses diplomacy in Mexican crisis over its oil
3. Dawes Plan of 1924
a. restructures German reparations payments
b. US loans $ to Germany to repay Fr + Brit
c. Former allies to pay off war debts to US
III. Herbert Hoover Takes Over
A. Election of 1928
1. GOP: "Hoo But Hoover?"
2. Dems: "Al(cohol) Smith"
3. defection of "Hoovercrats" (WASPs)
4. GOP makes Southern inroads
5. (5 former CSA states, all border states)
6. Hoover Landslide
B. Hoover's Actions
1. Hoover Goodwill Tour of Latin America (1928)
a. softens old U.S. attitudes
b. U.S. investments in region LOSING $$$
c. less desire for econ. imperialism
d. abandons interventionism (TR Corollary)
2. Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)
a. sets up Fed. Farm Board
b. Grain & Cotton Stabilization Board
c. goal: buy up surpluses
3. Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
a. 1000 amendments (lobbyists)
b. raised from 38.5% to nearly 60%
c. foreign outcry
d. increased internatl chaos
e. worsened chaotic econ. forces
f. worldwide depression already underway
C. Stock Market Crash
1. "Black Tuesday": Oct 29, 1929
2. 16.4 million shares sold in panic
3. 2 months later: loss of $40 BILLION in stocks
4. Be end of 1930: 4 million unemployed
5. By 1932: 12 million unemployed
6. Wall Street suicides, apple sellers
7. soup lines, Hoovervilles
D. Hoover Attitude Towards Relief
1. rugged individualism vs. the "dole"
2. Perplexed president (irony: humanitarian)
E. Belated Hoover Changes
1. recommended Congress pass public works
2. $2.25 billion appropriations
3. Hoover Dam Project (1930-1936)
4. Reconstruction Finance Corp (RFC)
a. 1/2 billion dollars
b. given to big corps + state/local govts
c. criticized as the "millionaires' dole"
d. foreshadows FDR's New Deal programs
5. Signs Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act (1932)
a. outlaws "yellow dog contracts"
b. forbids injunctions vs. strikes, boycotts, picketing
6. "Bonus Army" Debacle of 1932
a. MacArthur (Army) evicts 14,000 marchers (vets)
b. brutal "Battle of Anacostia Flats" (tear gas/bayonets)
c. blackens Hoover image
F. Japan Misbehavin'
1. Sept 1931: plunge into Manchuria
2. League censures Japan: Japan marches out
3. U.S. fails to support economic boycott on Japan
4. Hoover: reluctant to get involved
a. fires "paper bullets" to Japanese
b. vapid U.S. declaration: no recog. of territorial gains
5. Japan bombs Shanghai (1932)
6. Hoover fears any action would lead to war
7. Death of idea of "collective security"
G. Peaceful Overtures towards Latin America
1. 1932: new treaty with Haiti (US withdrawal by 1934)
2. 1933: last marines leave Nicaragua
3. foreshadows FDR's "Good Neighbor" Policy
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Chapter 34 "The Great Depression & the New Deal" (1933-1939)
I. FDR
A. Personal background
B. Similarities/Differences with cousin TR
C. Polio (1921) - defining moment
D. influence of Eleanor ("Conscience of New Deal")
E. trumped Al Smith in Chicago in 1932
F. 1st Election: 1932
1. FDR-Democrats
a. pledge of "New Deal"
b. theme: "Happy Days are Here Again."
c. criticize Hoover deficits (later ironic)
d. speeches ghosted by "Brains Trust"
2. Hoover-GOP
a. "The Worst is Past"
b. "Prosperity is Just Around the Corner"
3. Landslide (472ev to 59ev)
G. Hoover Lame Duck Period
1. FDR refuses to work with him
2. Hoover tries to bind FDR to anti-inflationary policy
3. Hoover fails, embittered
II. Three R's of the New Deal: Relief, Recovery, Reform
A. 1st Inaugural: "Only thing we have to fear..."
B. Nationwide banking holiday (March 6-10, 1933)
C. Hundred Days Congress (March 9-June 16, 1933)
1. rubber-stamped FDR's "must legislation"
2. blank-check powers for FDR
3. plethora of legislation
4. mostly older progressive ideas + European ideas
D. Banking
1. Emergency Banking Relief Law (1933): regulate transactions
2. FDR "Fireside Chats"
3. Glass-Steagall Act: created FDIC
4. all private gold holdings surrendered to govt.
5. FDR takes nation off gold standard
6. Treasury: pays for gold in paper money
7. "managed currency": all debts to be settled with paper $
8. Treasury: instructed to buy gold at increasing prices
9. $21/oz. in 1933 to $35/oz. in 1934
10. increased amt. of money in circulation (inflationary result)
11. Restored limited gold standard for internatl trade only (until 1971)
E. Employment
1. CCC (3 million young men)
2. FERA: Harry Hopkins ($3 billion in direct aid to states)
3. AAA: help farmers meet mortgages
4. HOLC: refinance homes on nonfarm mortgages
5. CWA: leaf-raking "boondoggling"
F. New Deal Detractors / Famous New Deal Supporters
1. Father Charles Coughlin ("Radio Priest") - FDR critic on the R
2. Senator Huey P. Long of LA ("Kingfish"-Share Our Wealth) - FDR critic on L
3. Dr. Francis E. Townsend of CA: pension plan - FDR critic on L
4. Frances Perkins - First Female Cabinet Member - Sec. of Labor
5. Mary McLeod Bethune of SC - Highest-ranking Black female in Govt. -
Office of Minority Rights (part of NYA)
6. Lyndon Johnson of TX - Youngest State Director of NYA in USA at age 27
7. Harry Hopkins - social worker from NYC - personal friend of FDR
G. WPA (1935)
1. Hopkins
2. $11 Billion
3. 1000s of projects / 9 million employed
4. white-collar workers/artists
5. criticism
H. NRA (1933)
1. Blue Eagle: "We Do Our Part"
2. 200 industries - "fair competition" codes
3. pro-labor provisions
4. business cheats ("chiselers")
5. 1935-struck down-Schecter "sick chicken" case
6. "congress cannot delegate legislative powers to president"
I. PWA (1933)
1. Harold Ickes (Sec. Interior)
2. $4 Billion
3. 34,000 projects
4. Grand Coulee Dam (Columbia R.)
J. Beer & Wine Act (3.2 Percent) - 1933
K. AAA (1933)
1. "subsidized scarcity"
2. goal: raise farm commodities prices to "parity"
3. processors of foods taxed (then shifted to consumers)
4. 1936-struck down by Supreme Ct. (regulatory tax provisions)
5. replaced with Soil Conservation Act (substit. crops=soybeans)
L. Dust Bowl
1. 1930s erosion of southern plains
2. 10s of 1000s of refugees-migrants to California
3. "Okies" and "Arkies"
4. Resettlement Administration (1935)
5. CCC plants 200 million trees
M. Native Americans
1. Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
2. Commission of Indian Affairs: John Collier
3. reverse Dawes Act of 1887
N. Stock Markets - Investor Confidence
1. Truth in Securities Act
2. SEC (1934)
O. Public Utilities
1. Bloated electric power companies (soaking customers)
2. TVA (1933)
3. "yardstick" for true cost of production
4. criticism: "creeping socialism in concrete"
P. Housing Bolstered
1. FHA (1934): small loans to homeowners
2. USHA (1937): 650,000 low-income housing units
3. attacked by "slumlords"
Q. Social Security (1935)
1. greatest victory of New Deal
2. idea: cushion urbanites from future depressions
3. bitter opposition
R. Unskilled Labor
1. Wagner (NLR) Act of 1935
2. worker protections (MILESTONE FOR LABOR)
3. effective unions-result
4. CIO-offshoot of AF of L-John L. Lewis
a. revolutionary "sit-down" technique
b. 1937 Flint, MI Victory (GM workers)
5. Setback: Memorial Day Massacre-1937
a. "Little Steel" fights CIO back
b. Republic Steel Co.-So. Chicago
c. police kill scores
6. FLSA (Wages and Hours Bill) of 1938
a. min. wage
b. max. hours
c. child labor provisions
III. Challenges to the New Deal: Within & Without
A. Election of 1936
1. GOP-Gov. Al Landon of Kansas
2. Dems-FDR
3. FDR Landslide (523ev to 8ev)
4. joke: "As ME goes, so goes VT"
B. Class Warfare charges
1. rich v. poor
2. CIO contributions
3. FDR appeal to "forgotten man"
4. Black vote
5. New Immigrants-Jews & Catholics
C. FDR Miscalculation
1. Supreme Court Reform Plan (1937)
2. scheme to "pack" the court
3. backfires
4. yet ultimately succeeds (???)
D. Roosevelt Recession of 1937
1. critics delighted
2. FDR embraces "Keynesianism"="Deficit Spending"
E. Campaign Contributions
1. criticism: "reliefers' checks"
2. Hatch Act of 1939 (campaigning & solicitation rules)
F. New Deal lost its momentum by 1938
G. FDR Haters
1. R-Wing conservatives: FDR going too far
a. anti-Semitic labels
b. Marxist labels
2. businessmen: FDR meddling with economy
a. charges of try-anything-once
b. "bureaucratic meddling"
c. New Deal fomented class strife
3. L-Wing radicals (socialists): not far enough
4. rich: "traitor" to their class
H. FDR response: "Everybody's a'gin me save the electorate"
1. reality: middle-of-the-road for times
2. "greatest conservative since Hamilton"
3. Jeffersonian concern for "forgotten man"
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Chapter 35 "FDR and the Shadow of War" (1933-1941)
I. America Strengthens Herself
A. London Economic Conference-1933
1. goal: exchange-rate stabilization
2. FDR scuttles it-Americans pull out
3. cries of American bad faith
4. strengthened global trend extreme nationalism
B. Filipinos
1. Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
a. additional 12-yr tutelage period
b. full independence promised in 1946
2. signaled Japanese that U.S. wanted out
C. USSR recognized (1933)
D. Good Neighbor Policy-Latin America
1. Pan-Am. Conf.-US announced "nonintervention" (1933)
2. marines depart Haiti-1934
3. relax grip on Panama-1936
4. test case: Mex. seizes Yankee oil properties (1938)
5. FDR allows pro-Mex. settlement by 1941
6. Latins love FDR
E. Reciprocal Trade Agreements
1. Sec. State Cordell Hull
2. Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934)
3. president whittled down INDIVIDUAL schedules
4. 21 nations agreements by 1939
5. ended era of "high-protective-tariffs"
6. paved way for "free trade"
II. American Isolationism
A. Post-1918 chaos in Europe
B. Rise of Totalitarianism
1. Stalin-USSR
2. Mussolini-Italy (1922)
3. Hitler-Germany (1933)
C. Bad Dictators, Bad!!!
1. 1936: Rome-Berlin Axis
2. 1934: Japan terminates old Wash. Naval Treaty
3. 1935: Italy attacks Ethiopia
4. League ineffectiveness
D. Neutrality Acts of 1935,1936,1937
1. president "proclaim existence of foreign war"
2. certain automatic restrictions
3. no Americans sail on "belligerent" ship
4. no selling/transporting munitions to "belligerents"
5. no loans to "belligerents"
E. Spanish-Civil War (1936-39)
1. Fascists vs. Loyalists
2. U.S. refuses to help fellow democracy
3. Germany & Italy assist Franco (Fascists)
4. peace-at-any-price-ism
F. Congress passes Billion-Dollar Naval Construction act (1938)
G. Appeasement
1. 1937: Japan invades China all-out
2. FDR "Quarantine Speech" in Chicago (bombs)
3. 1937: Panay Incident
4. 1935: Hitler reintroduces compulsory military service
5. 1936: Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland
6. March 1938: Hitler annexes Austria
7. MUNICH CONFERENCE: 1938-Allies give Hitler Sudetenland (Czech.)
8. March 1939: Hitler takes over rest of Czech.
9. September 1, 1939: Hitler rolls into Poland (START OF WWII)
H. Hitler-Stalin Nonagression Pact-1939
1. shocks the world
2. divide Poland
J. Neutrality Act of 1939
1. "cash-and-carry" policy
2. favors French and British navies
K. 1940 Dizzying Chain of Events
1. Finland flattened by Russians
2. April: Hitler conquers Denmark, Norway
3. May: Hitler takes Neth. & Belgium
4. June: Fall of France (ENG. IS NOW ALONE)
5. Brits turn to Churchill
6. Aug: Battle of Britain (RAF vs. Luftwaffe)
L. US Reactions
1. Congress passes $37 Billion Military Expansion Bill
2. 1st PEACETIME DRAFT-Selective Service & Training Act (1940)
3. Havanna Conference of 1940-21 nations-multilateral defense Americas
4. US transfers 50 overage destroyers to Britain
5. exchange: US acquires leases to 8 British bases (99-yrs)
M. Strongholds of Isolationism
1. Chicago=capital
2. America First Committee
3. Lindbergh=top speaker
III. FDR Breaks Tradition
A. Third Term? Election of 1940
1. Dems-FDR ("the Champ")
2. GOP-Wendell L. Wilkie
3. same views on for. affairs
4. criticism of "Dictator Roosevelt"
5. Wilkie-opposed extravagance of New Deal (but not direct relief)
6. CLOSER election: 449ev to 82ev
B. Lend-Lease Act (1941)
1. sold as device to keep us OUT of war
2. "send guns, not sons"
3. make US "arsenal of democracy"
4. supposed "return" of guns, tanks or "equivalents"
5. initial $7 billion - for WWII: $50 billion
6. Hitler invades USSR (June 1941): US aid to Russia (11 B)
C. Atlantic Charter (1941)
1. FDR & Churchill meeting
2. 8-point covenant for democracies at war's end
3. seed of the UN
4. lifted spirits of Poles, liberals, etc.
D. FDR agrees to CONVOYS to Iceland (July 1941)
IV. Aggressive Acts Towards/By America
A. German Submarines
1. attack on U.S. destroyer Greer
2. FDR orders "shoot-on-sight" policy
3. attack on U.S. Kearny (11 killed)
4. torpedo and loss of U.S. Reuben James-Iceland (100+men)
B. America toughens stance on Japan
1. late 1940: 1st embargo on Japan-bound supplies
2. mid-1941: "freezing" Japanese assets in U.S.
3. also stop all shipments of gasoline, scrap iron, etc.
C. Japan stalls for time with "diplomacy"
1. U.S. cracked Japanese code
2. we knew Japan intended war (but where?)
3. Japan chose secretly to "put up" (not "shut up")
D. Pearl Harbor-Dec. 7, 1941 (7:55am, Sunday)
1. 2335 sailors killed (68 civilians)
2. 1178 wounded
3. 150 aircraft destroyed
4. 19 ships sunk/disabled (5 battleships later raised)
E. Germany & Italy declare war on U.S. (Dec 11, 1941)
F. IT'S ON!!! (death of isolationism)
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Chapter 36 "America in World War II" 1941-1945
I. "Get Germany First"
A. aftermath of Pearl Harbor-cries for revenge
B. Washington's ABC-1 agreement with Allies
C. fears of Hitler-dominated Europe prevailed
D. Opponents of policy
1. many Americans (anti-Japanese)
2. shorthanded American commanders in Pacific
3. Chinese & Australian allies
E. America needs TIME
1. retool to all-out war production
2. feed, clothe, arm itself
3. logistics-transport troops around world
F. Assimilation of Ethnic Groups in U.S.
1. compared to WWI - no "witch hunts"
2. most minorities groups well-settled by 1940
3. loyal supporters of Dem. Party
G. EXCEPTION: Japanese Internment
1. FDR Executive Order 9066
2. 110,000 Issei & Nissei
3. concentrated on Pacific Coast: Military Areas 1&2 (WA,OR,CA,AZ)
4. upheld by S. Ct in KOREMATSU V. U.S. (1944)
5. later U.S. govt. paid damages (1988)
6. 17,000 Nissei serve in uniform-mostly in Italy
7. "Fighting 442nd Infantry": most decorated combat unit in US Hst
H. End of "Dr. New Deal" - 1943
1. prompted by elections of 1942 (conservatives)
2. FDR announced "Dr. Win-The-War"
I. War Production Board
1. $100 billion in military orders - just 1942
2. prodigious amounts of weaponry
a. 40 B bullets
b. 300,000 aircraft
c. 76,000 ships
d. 86,000 tanks
e. 2.6 million machine guns
3. Shipbuilder Henry J. Kaiser ("Sir Launchalot")
4. halted "nonessential" manufacturing (ex: cars)
J. Other Production Developments
1. 51 synthetic-rubber plants built in USA
2. farmers: billion-bushel wheat harvests (1944/45)
3. Office of Price Administration (OPA)
a. job: hold down inflation (28% in WW2 compared to 62% WWI)
b. rationing program (meat, butter, gasoline, etc.)
4. Labor Issues
a. War Labor Board (WLB): imposed wage ceilings
b. unions chaffed under new regulations/freezes
c. officially: no-strike pledges by unions
d. reality: many strikes, especially by UMW (John L. Lewis)
e. Smith-Conally Anti-Strike Act (1943)
1. crime to strike in govt. industries
2. Washington took over coal mines & RRs (briefly)
f. American workers overall very loyal (less than 1% strike)
K. Internal Developments in USA Homefront
1. 216,000 women enlisted in noncombat services duties
a. WAACS, WAVES, SPARS
b. defied stereotypes
2. SIX MILLION WOMEN WORKERS
a. 3 million of them homemakers (no prev. work exper.)
b. many mothers - so 3000 day-care centers built
c. "Rosie the Riveter" symbol
d. By 1945- 1/3 of all workers (earned 65% of men's pay)
e. exaggerated effect???
1. 1943 poll: majority of Amer. women would NOT take job
2. at end of war: 2/3's left labor force (#1 reason: family)
3. postwar rush into suburban domesticity
4. their DAUGHTERS (baby boomers) - future feminists
3. INTERNAL MIGRATIONS
a. 15 Million soldiers-chose not to go home again
b. CA pop: grew by 2 million
c. 1.6 million Blacks-go West and North
d. 3 decades AFTER WW2: 5 million Blacks leave the South
e. by 1970, half of all Blacks live OUTSIDE the South in urban areas
4. Blacks
a. explosive tensions in new cities (N & W): jobs, housing
b. A. Philip Randolph's threatened march on Washington-1941
c. FDR Executive Order 8802
d. FDR established FEPC-Fair Employment Practices Commission
e. segregated combat units (ex: 99th Fighter Squad. "Tuskegee Airmen")
f. bloody riots in Detroit, NYC, etc.
5. Native Americans
a. 75,000 leave reservations for defense work (esp. CA)
b. 25,000 serve in armed forces (ex: "code talkers")
6. Hispanics
a. 1000s of Mexican agri. workers brought in (1942)
b. "BRACEROS" program: outlived war by 20+ years
c. urban tension: LA "Zoot-Suit Riots" (1943)
7. Wartime Economy
a. GNP jumps: $100 B in 1940 to $200 B in 1945
b. Corporate profits: $6 B in 1940 to $12 B in 1945
c. overtime pay fattens paychecks-personal income doubles
d. heavy involvement of FED GOVT: interventionism
1. millions work for Uncle Sam in armed forces
2. millions work in heavily-regulated industries
3. "warfare-welfare state" cares for workers' needs
(housing, day-care, health plans)
4. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT: Office of Scientific R & D
(fed govt + universities partnerships)
e. HUGE COSTS OF WW2
1. $330 Billion (twice ALL fed. expenditures 1776-1941)
2. income-tax net expanded by 4X (max. rates as high as 90%)
3. only 2/5's of costs paid from current revenues
4. NATIONAL DEBT: $49 B in 1941 to $259 B in 1945
5. war cost $10 million per hour
II. Selected Military Campaigns/Highlights
A. War in Pacific-Part I
1. Japanese expansion: SE Asia, Brit. Malaysia, Phil, New Guinea, Solomons
a. "Rising Sun" overextends itself
b. "victory disease"
2. Brave American defenders on Philippines: overwhelmed
a. MacArthur evacuated-1942-"Bastards of Bataan" left behind
b. subsequent surrender & Bataan Death March
c. holdout of Corregidor fortress until May 1942
3. Serious Japanese Reversals of Fortune
a. Coral Sea, May 1942
b. Midway, June 1942 (PIVOTAL VICTORY)
4. "Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo"
a. Guadalcanal Campaign, Solomons (Aug 42-Feb 43)
b. Jap. loses 20,000 to 1700 for Americans (10:1)
c. conquest of New Guinea north coast-Aug 1944 (MacArthur)
d. "Bloody Tarawa", Gilberts (Nov 43)
e. Guam reconquered, Marianas (Jun 44)
1. "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot"
2. U.S. Hellcat fighters destroy 250 Jap. aircraft
f. Battle of Philippine Sea-U.S. sinks sev. Jap. carriers (Jun 44)
g. Saipan "Suicide Cliff", Marianas secured (Jul-Aug 44)
h. round-the-clock bombing of Japan begins-Nov 1944
5. Legacy: Japan gets too cocky, fails to "kill off" America, pays for it
B. Battle of the Atlantic (1942-43)
1. U.S. vs. "Wolf Packs"-Northern Atlantic
2. at first, U-Boats win: 500 merchant marine ships (1942)
3. improvement of antisubmarine tactics
a. Brits crack German "Enigma Codes"
b. newly invented radar, bombing sub bases
4. Spring of 1943: Turnaround: Allies WINNING
5. Over German woes in 1942
a. British bomb Cologne (May-1000 planes)
b. Montgomery defeats Rommel in N. Africa at El Alamein (Oct)
(push enemy back to Tunisia from banks of Suez Canal)
c. Stalingrad: Russians stall German offensive deep inside USSR
6. legacy: America can build ships faster than U-Boats can sink them
C. North Africa & Mediterranean
1. USSR demands a second front to help relieve pressure in E. Euro
2. Allies reject French invasion as premature
3. Eisenhower leads Invasion of N. Africa (OPER. TORCH)-Nov. 42
4. Initial U.S. defeat-Kasserine Pass-then reorganization
5. eventual Allied victory by May 1943
6. legacy of campaign: "end of the beginning"
7. CASABLANCA CONFERENCE: Jan 43: FDR & CHURCH (Morocco)
a. "Big Two" plan
b. debatable "unconditional surrender" policy adopted
8. Island of Sicily invaded-conquered (Aug 43)
9. Some of Hardest Fighting Up the Boot
a. Italy surrenders in Sept. 43/Mussolini deposed
b. German Army stays - demands "hell to pay"
c. Rome taken (June 4, 1944)
d. after D-Day, Italy becomes "sideshow"
10. Legacy: opened Medit, provided air bases for attacking S. Germany
D. D-Day and Invasion of France To Fall of Hitler
1. TEHRAN CONFERENCE: Nov 28-Dec 1, 43 (Iran)
a. "Big Three"
b. agreement on broad plans (simultaneous E-W attacks on Germany)
2. Eisenhower given command of invasion of France (OPER OVERLORD)
a. enormous logistical preparations: 3 million man invasion
b. D-Day: June 6, 1944 - Allies land in Normandy's beaches
c. tough going beachheads early on
d. American armored divisions punch through-Gen. Patton
e. Paris liberated Aug 1944
3. FDR wins 4th term over Thomas E. Dewey
a. FDR benefits from war's good fortunes/CIO-Polit. Action Comm.
b. Democrats dump liberal V.P. Henry Wallace
c. Dems. go with Harry S Truman as running mate (few enemies)
d. GOP Strat: denounce "old men" in Wash, FDR's dog Fala (hahaha)
e. FDR victory: 432 ev to 99 ev
4. Battle of the Bulge-last German Counteroffensive (mid-Dec 44)
a. crafty little Hitler plan punch thru Ardennes Forest
b. caught Allies off-guard with 10-day penetration
c. American 101st "Bastards of Bastogne" surrounded-hold firm-rescued
5. Yalta Conference – “Big Three” – Feb. 1945 - Crimea
a. FDR visibly ill
b. USSR promise to enter war vs. Japan (90 days after V-E)
c. USA agrees to Soviets establishing Buffer Zone in E. Europe
d. criticism of FDR by some historians of being hoodwinked
6. US-Soviets Meet
a. Americans lucky to have one bridge left to cross Rhine (Mar 45)
b. US-Sovt guardsmen meet at river Elbe-April 1945
c. Americans sickened by sight of concentration camps
d. Soviets get to Berlin first (April 1945)
1. Hitler kills himself (April 30)
2. Soviets exact revenge (rape, plunder)
7. FDR died-Warm Springs GA-cerebral hemorrhage-April 12, 1945
8. Germans surrender May 7th, May 8th declared "V-E Day"
9. Legacy: Americans prove they have guts to lead serious invasion & win
E. War in Pacific-Part II
1. Massive Fire-Bombing of Tokyo-kills 83,000 (March 9-10, 45)
2. Battle of Leyte Gulf, Philippines-Mac Returns as Promised (Oct 1944)
a. "greatest naval battle of all time" (actually 3 battles)
b. Japan loses about 60 ships
3. Battle of Iwo Jima (March 1945)
a. 25 days, 4000 American lives
b. "most famous photograph of WW2": Mt. Suribachi flag raising
4. Okinawa Campaign (April - June 1945)
a. 50,000 U.S. casualties
b. Japanese fight tenaciously from caves
c. kamikaze missions escalate (sink over 30 U.S. ships)
5. POTSDAM CONFERENCE: July 1945 (near Berlin)
a. HST, Stalin, Brits
b. Truman hold trump card: A-Bomb is now ready!!!
(first successful test-July 16, 1945-Alamagordo, NM)
($2 Billion Manhattan Project: 1940-1945)
c. stern ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed
6. Atomic Bombs/Events of Aug. 1945
a. Hiroshima, Aug. 6: 70,000 incinerated; 60,000 more die injuries
b. Soviets enter war as promised on time: Aug 8 (overrun Manchuria & Korea)
c. Nagasaki, Aug 9: 80,000 killed/missing
d. Aug 10: Japan sues for peace on keep-our-emperor condition
e. Aug 14: Allies accept surrender (V-J Day #1)
7. Japanese sign surrender-Sept 2, 1945 (V-J Day #2)
a. battleship Missouri
b. Gen. MacArthur presides
8. Legacy: America paid a big price to win, & Japan fought to last ditch