Chapter 7 "The Road to Revolution" (1763-1775)
I. Ingredients of Revolutionary Stew
A. Revolution-began with 1607 (150yrs)
B. War for I.-began in 1775 (6 yrs)
C. Pulling Up Stakes-Emigration
1. distance: 3000 mi from London
2. 6-8 weeks crossing
D. Distance Weakens Authority
E. Strange, Fresh, New Environment
F. Feeling of becoming something different
1. no more transplanted Britons
2. "Americans"
G. "13 Parliaments"
II. Mercantilism
A. Unifying theory that justified control
B. 16th-18th Centuries
C. All major powers embraced
D. Components
1. export more than one imports
2. amass gold or silver
3. raw materials to mother
4. manufactured goods sold back to colonies
5. ensure naval supremacy of mother
6. discouraged-buying goods from others
7. keep gold and silver within empire
E. Navigation Laws-1650
1. Aimed at rival Dutch traders
2. restricted commerce to/from colonies
3. must use English vessels (merchant marine)
F. Enumerated Products
1. must be shipped only to Eng
2. tobacco
G. English Middlemen
1. goods from Euro must go to Eng first
2. customs duties affixed
3. then go on way to colonies
H. Forbidden Colonial Manufactures
1. Beaver Hats
2. Woolen cloth
I. Money Shortage
1. no banks in colonies
2. gold and silver drained out
3. had to barter
4. paper money tried/squashed
J. "Royal Veto" over assemblies’ laws
III. Benefits of Mercantilism
A. Liberal bounties for naval stores
B. Virginia Planters privileges
1. guaranteed market for tobacco
2. Old Country growing tobacco outlawed
3. So. colonies were "pets"
C. Rights of Englishmen enjoyed
D. Self-Government opportunities
E. No tax to support home defense
F. Loose Enforcement
1. Hancock: "King of Smugglers"
2. salutary neglect
IV. Downsides to Mercantilism
A. Brits began to enforce laws after 1763
B. Stifled economic initiative
C. New Englanders
1. resented Southern "pets"
2. descendants of Puritans
3. restless MA
4. revolution chief export
D. Virginians
1. at mercy of Brit. merchants
2. felt gouged
3. falling prices/rising debt
4. hereditary debts
V. Stamp Tax Uproar
A. Costly Seven Years War-over 1763
1. Brit. won
2. debt of 140 M pounds
3. idea: colonies pay 1/3 of own defense
B. PM George Grenville
1. honest, capable
2. ordered Navy to enforce laws-1763
3. got Sugar Act-1764 (1st tax revenue law)
4. Quartering Avt-1765
C. Odious Stamp Act-1765
1. all paper documents
2. English used to paying far heavier stamp tax
3. Colonies claim violation liberties
a. admiralty courts
b. burden of proof on defendant
c. no trial by jury right
4. "No taxation w/o representation"
a. rep. in Parliament not really desired
b. Grenville claims "virtual rep"
D. Colonies Splitting Hairs
1. affirm right of P. to legislate/regulate trade
2. deny any right of P. to simply tax for revenue
E. Stamp Act Congress-1765-NYC
1. 27 delegates, 9/13 colonies
2. statement of rights & grievances
3. ignored abroad & home
F. Nonimportation
1. more effective
2. Homespun
3. involved both sexes
G. Vigilante Groups
1. Sons/Daughters of Liberty
2. enforced nonimportation
3. "tar and feathering"
4. vandalism/theft
5. forced stamp agents to resign
H. Parliament Breaks Down/Repeals
1. Amer. buys 1/4 of all Brit. goods
2. 1/2 of Eng. shipping in Amer. trade
3. Americans celebrate victory
I. Declaratory Act-1766
VI. Champagne Charley and Rebellious Boston
A. Townshend Acts-1767
1. indirect customs duty
2. 5 products lightly taxed
3. purpose: fund to pay royal guv's salary
4. Nonimportation revived
B. Boston
1. Brit troops land to keep order-1768
2. "Massacre"-1770
3. Art and propaganda (Revere)
C. Samuel Adams
1. "Penman of Revolution"
2. Organized Boston "comm. of corr."-1772
3. valued his "trained mob"
D. Tea Party
1. Brit. E. India Tea-surplus tea
2. London awards complete monopoly
3. Tiny tax added (3 pence)
4. Actually lowered price of tea
5. Colonies felt tricked
6. Annapolis-burned cargo & vessel
7. Boston-1773-342 chests- L18,000
E. "Intolerable Acts"-1774
1. Boston Port Act
2. Town meetings/charter rights restricted
F. Quebec Act-1774
1. good law, wrong time
2. allegations of "Popery"
3. sulking over loss of Ohio R. Valley
VII. Continental Congress (1774)
A. Phila-12/13 colonies
B. 55 Distinguished men
C. More of a convention
D. The Association-max. econ. weapon
E. Meet again in needed in May 1775
VIII. Revolutionary War Begins
A. Lexington Massacre-April 1775
B. Concord: British repulsed
C. Costly retreat back to Boston (300 casualties)
D. British Pluses
1. 3:1 Pop (7.5M to 2.5M)
2. Professional army of 50,000
3. 30,000 Hessians
4. 50,000 Loyalists
5. Indian Allies
E. British Minuses
1. France-eager for revenge
2. Brit. govt confused/inept
3. Whig faction: go easy on Americans
4. second-rate officers
5. 3,000 mile distance
6. expanse of America: 1,000 by 60 miles
F. American Pluses
1. outstanding leadership (go GW! and BF)
2. Aid from foreign powers (esp. France)
3. Defending Home Turf
4. Better Marksmen
5. Moral belief in just cause
G. American Minuses
1. badly organized
2. disjointed Congress
3. sectional jealousy
4. no money-then worthless "Continentals"
5. shortage of everything
6. unreliable militia
7. profiteering (50-200% profits)
H. American Soldiers
1. Rudimentary training "Buckskins"
2. Few thousand regulars-by end
3. Needed stern drillmasters (von Steuben)
4. 5,000 Blacks (Northern States)
I. Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment
1. 300 runaway slaves
2. pro-British
3. scared slave owners
4. 1000s fled to safety
5. War end: Brit. evac's 14,000
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Chapter 8 "America Secedes from the Empire" (1775-1783)
I. Second Continental Congress-1775
A. Philadelphia - all 13 colonies
B. No real sentiment for independence
C. Appeals to Brit. people and king (spurned)
D. selection of Washington as c-in-c
1. big gamble
2. good qualities
3. from VA (largest colony in pop)
4. army mostly New Englanders
5. aristocrat: check on masses
II. Bunker Hill and Hessians
A. Precursor: Ticonderoga (May 1775)
1. Arnold and Allen
2. store of gunpowder/artillery
B. Bunker [Breed's] Hill (June 1775)
1. 3000 Redcoats frontal attack
2. 1500 entrenched Americans
3. Pyrrhic Victory
C. Congress Still Smooching Up
1. "Olive Branch Petition" (July 75)
2. want reconciliation
D. George III "slams the door"
1. declared rebellion (Aug 75)
2. hired 30,000 Hessians (Sept 75)
III. On to Canada! (HOO HOO HOO!)
A. Brits burn Falmouth (Portland) ME(Oct 75)
B. American 2-Prong Attack on Canada
1. Close to succeeding
2. Montgomery captures Montreal
3. Arnold beaten off at Quebec
C. American Miscalculations
1. French Canadians OK with Brits
2. Quebec Act pacified
3. saw invaders as anti-Cath.
D. Brits burn Norfolk VA (Jan 76)
E. Brits evacuate Boston (March 76)
F. 2 Amer. Victories in South
1. Moore's Creek Bridge NC-vs. 1500 Tories
2. Charleston SC-beat off invading Br. fleet
IV. Thomas Paine's Pro-American Propaganda
A. Common Sense-1776
1. smaller shouldn't rule larger
2. whirlwind best seller (120 thous. copies)
3. new form of govt: democratic republic
B. Background of republicanism
1. classical Greece and Rome
2. Renaissance
3. 17th C England: "mixed govt" (king/Parl.)
4. N. Eng. town meetings
5. committees of correspondence
6. "citizen virtue" vs. despot
7. varying viewpoints in America
V. Jefferson's Declaration of Independence
A. Richard Henry Lee's Motion-June 7, 1775
1. clean break
2. adopted July 2 (Adams' consideration)
B. Jeff's Explanation
1. formally approved July 4
2. invoked "natural rights"
3. biased list of indictments vs. King
4. universal impact
VI. Patriots vs. Loyalists
A. Name Calling and Origins
B. Amer. Rev a "minority movement"
1. many colonists apathetic
2. struggle for "hearts and minds"
3. militiamen and "political education"
C. Loyalists
1. perhaps 20 percent
2. inter-family splits (Franklins)
3. tragic figures
4. conservative Americans
5. education plus wealth
6. king's officers/beneficiaries
7. where Anglicanism strongest
8. NYC, Chas, Quaker PA/NJ
9. weakest in New Eng/Congregational
D. Exodus
1. after D.O.I.-harsher methods
2. Imprisonment/Confiscation
3. Few hangings
4. 80,000 driven out or flee
5. 100,000 "mild Loyalists" stay
VII. Washington- Attack/Retreat/Attack
A. Battle of Long Is.-GW's men panicked
B. Escape to Manhattan, then to NJ
C. "Old Fox" Pulls off Twin Miracles
1. Trenton-Dec 26, 1776
2. Princeton- year end
VIII. Burgoyne's Blunder
A. Brit. Plan: 3 Armies Converge
1. cut off New Eng from others
2. paralyze Amer. cause
B. Non-Coordination
1. Arnold wastes Brit. effort: Lake Champlain
2. Burgoyne: 7000 troops, heavy baggage train
C. Howe: Winter of 1777
1. decides to one-up the plan
2. turns South to nix Washington
3. settles into to captured Phila.
4. comfortable wintering
D. Washington: Defeat and Misery
1. Brandytown & Germantown PA
2. evacuates Phila.
3. winters at bitter Valley Forge
4. importance of Von Stueben
E. Saratoga - 1777
1. major turning point
2. Burgoyne trapped by militia
3. revived American cause
4. made France give $$$$
IX. Franco-American Alliance-1778
A. Factors
1. bored Fr. aristocracy
2. liberal thinkers like Rousseau
3. pay Britain back for 1763
4. political expediency
5. Dr. Franklin
B. Assistance
1. 90& of gunpowder (1st 2.5 yrs)
2. large sums of money
3. 50% of regular forces
4. almost all naval strength
C. Won Over the Americans
1. Britain offered home rule-1777
2. France offered independence
D. World War
1. France, Spain, Holland
2. Catherine the Great's "Armed Neutrality"
E. Washington wins at Monmouth NJ (June 78)
F. Brits escape to New York
X. Blow and Counterblow
A. Rochambeau arrives-Newport-6000 troops-1780
B. Arnold turns traitor
C. Georgia overrun (1778-79)
D. Fall of Charleston (1780)
E. Brit. plan: "roll up the colonies"
F. King's Mtn: Turning Point (1780)
1. Mtn Men vs. Tories
2. "Bunker Hill in Reverse"
3. "Beginning of the End"
G. Cowpens (1781)
1. Morgan's trick: 1 volley militia
2. Bloody Tarleton barely escapes
H. Guilford Courthouse NC (1781)
1. "Fighting Quaker" Greene
2. "stand and retreat" tactic
3. cleared Carolinas of Redcoats
I. Western Theater
1. Indian Allies with Britain
a. Joseph Brant-Mohawks
b. "Bloody 1777"
c. ravaged backwoods of PA, NY
d. stopped in 1779
2. Continued American Migration
3. George Rogers Clark
a. "Washington of the west"
b. captures Ohio River Valley
c. Vincennes IN: seminal victory
J. American Privateers
K. Small American Navy-Jones
L. Yorktown VA - 1781
1. Cornwallis surrounded, surrenders
2. hemmed in by de Grasse Fleet
3. France supplies 1/2 of troops
4. "World Turned Upside Down"
M. Sporadic Fighting Continues
XI. Peace of Paris of 1783
A. Collapse of Lord North's Ministry
B. More moderate British Govt (Whigs)
C. 3 Amer. Negotiators (Franklin, Jay, Adams)
D. France couldn't deliver promises to Spain
E. Jay's cuts a deal with British
1. trans-Allegheny given to U.S.
2. played upon Span/French weakness
F. Provisions
1. U.S. recognition
2. Generous Borders
a. Great Lakes to Span. Florida
b. West to Miss. R.
3. U.S. fishing rights off Newfoundland
4. Congress: states please restore Loyalist lands
5. U.S.: we'll pay Brit. debts back (honest)
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Chapter 9 "The Confederation and the Constitution" (1776-1790)
I. Effects of the "Revolution"
A. No radical or sudden change
B. accelerated evolution, no outright revolution
C. Weakening of upper crust
1. exodus of 80,000 Tories
2. less conservatism
3. new idea of "civic virtue" (opp. of greed)
D. Equality Spreads
1. reducing property requirements to vote
2. growth of trade organ. for workers
3. primogeniture ditched
E. Sep. of Church and State gains
1. "De-Anglicanized" Episcopal Church
2. 1786 VA Statute of Relig. Freedom
F. Slavery Challenged
1. Quakers-1st-1775
2. C. Congress calls for abolition of slave trade-1774
3. Northern states-outright abolition/grad. eman.
4. Southern states-not pushed b/c needed unity
G. Women
1. temp. gains (NJ Constit. 1776-suffrage)
2. still doing tradit. work
3. "republican motherhood" ideal
4. Abigail Adams-early feminist
H. New STATE Constitutions
1. fundamental laws
2. bill of rights
3. powerful legislature
4. weak exec. & judicial
I. Economics
1. confiscation of Loyalist lands
2. abundance of cheap lands
3. boom in manufacturing during war
4. now "outsider" in Brit. Empire partnership
5. free trade with foreign states (China & Baltic)
6. Bad profiteering/speculation (300%)
J. Postwar Problems
1. Cheap British goods flooding market
2. Common glue (winning the war) gone
3. 2nd Cont. Congress-no constitutional authority
II. Articles of Confederation/"Confusion"
A. Adopted by Congress-1777
B. Final action delayed until 1781
C. Chief problem: western lands of 7 states
1. 6 states "land-hungry"
2. "They have lands to sell to pay debts off"
3. We don't have any western lands
4. solution: turn all W. lands over to central govt
D. Public lands = Invaluable BOND of UNION
E. Characteristics of the Articles
1. loose confederation of sov. states
2. Congress-only real branch
3. no exec.
4. judiciary-left to states
5. each state had 1 vote (regardless of pop.)
6. 2/3 vote req'd on important bills
7. unanimous vote for amendment
8. NO POWER TO REGULATE COMMERCE
9. HAD TO RELY UPON STATES TO SEND REQUESTED $$$
F. Dangerous Events
1. Newburgh Address-squelched by Washington-1783
2. Congress forced to flee Phila. for Princeton
3. issues: military dissed at lack of back pay/pensions
G. Fantastic Area of Success: Western Land Policies
1. Land Ordinance of 1785 (surveys/townships)
2. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (statehood admission process)
III. Foreign Hostility to New Nation
A. England
1. sore loser
2. refused to repeal Navigation Laws
3. cut off W. Indies trade
4. troops on the borders (trading posts)
5. keeping our Natives whooped up
B. Spain
1. closed Miss. R to commerce-1784
2. "Floridas" Dispute - incited Indians
3. maintained fort at Natchez (MS)
C. France
1. pay us back now
2. restricted W. Indies trade
D. North African States
1. enslaving Yankee sailors
2. no more Brit. tribute to cover us
IV. Hostility Within the New Nation
A. Quarrels between/among states
1. borders
2. levying taxes on each other’s products
3. printing cheap paper money
4. instate commerce squabbles
B. Shay's Rebellion-1786
1. issue: bank foreclosures on farms
2. class dispute
3. incited FEAR of mobocracy (even though crushed)
4. pointed out weaknesses of Articles
V. Constitutional Convention ("Demigods")-1787
A. Miracle at Philadelphia
B. Characteristics of 55 delegates (from 12/13 states)
C. Washington chaired
D. Folks NOT present/invited
1. fiery Rev. leaders of 1776 (Jeff, Adams, etc.)
2. Patrick Henry's decline - "I smell a rat"
2. poorer classes/paper moneyites/debtors
3. enormous criticism of elite
4. secretive meetings questioned
E. Conservatives
1. many former Loyalists (surprise!)
2. cultured/propertied men
F. Notable Compromises
1. "Great [CT] Compromise" - representation issue
2. "3/5's Comp" (ridiculous)
3. 20 Year Extension on African slave trade
G. Eyebrow-Raising Features
1. Powerful president (filtered by Electoral College)
2. Federal judges appointed for life
3. Indirect Election - Senators
4. Only HR - direct/popular election
5. created a standing federal army
H. Ratification
1. clash of anti-feds vs. feds
2. decision: need only 9 of 13 to ratify
3. 4 easy states (small fish)
4. Real battleground (MA - NY - VA)
5. last 2 holdouts of 13 (NC - RI)
6. Importance of propaganda (Federalist Papers)
7. promise to enact a "Bill of Rights"
I. Finished product
1. conservative triumph (restrained masses)
2. MINORITY achievement (25% of adult white males voted for delegates)
3. safeguards against mob rule
4. radicals like P. Henry upended
5. yet republican ideals preserved
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Chapter 10 "Launching the New Ship of State" (1789-1800)
I. Conditions of the New Republic
A. Incredible Pop. Growth
1. 1790-1st census-4 M
2. 90% rural
B. new Western hubs: KY, TN, and OH
1. restive areas; disloyal
2. worried about Spanish (Miss R)
3. slippery agents (Span + Brits)
C. Finances
1. revenue trickling in
2. Mountainous public debt
3. worthless paper money
II. Washington's Pro-Federalist Regime
A. symbolic importance of GW
B. Oath of Office-Wall Street-NYC-1789
C. GW Establishes cabinet
D. Bill of Rights
1. fulfillment of promise to anti-Feds
2. James Madison's imprint
3. safeguard v. important rights
E. Judiciary Act of 1789
1. organized Supreme Ct
2. organized fed. district + circuit cts
3. established office of atty gen.
III. Hamilton's Plan for Public Credit
A. Background of the "Financial Wizard"
B. Imperious style
C. "Funding at Par"---54 M
D. "Assumption" of state debts---21.5 M
E. Log-rolling deal: new Federal capital
F. Ham's Beliefs
1. nat'l debt = "nat’l blessing"
2. get wealthy to become creditors
G. Show Me the Money
1. customs duties (first one=8%)
2. excise taxes (whiskey, etc.)
H. Battle over the Bank
1. Ham vs. Jeff
2. purpose of proposed National Bank
3. Jeff's opposition: strict construction
4. Ham's rationale: loose construction
5. GW sides with Ham
6. Chartered by Congress-1791-20 yrs-Phila-$10 M
I. Whiskey Rebellion-1794
1. Southwestern PA
2. farmers use whiskey for exchange medium
3. Ham urges GW to react strongly
4. 13,000 troops into state-no action
5. GW pardons 2
6. SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCE
IV. It's PARTY TIME (hahaha)
A. Started as personal feud: TJ vs. AH
B. Mistrust of "factions"
C. 1790s-opposition to Hamilton Program: TJ + Madison
D. Beginnings of 2-Party System
E. Differences
V. French Revolution
A. Seemingly American-style at first
B. Jeffersonians overjoyed
C. UH OH!---France declares war on Austra-1792
1. Europe in turmoil
2. France's successes on battlefield
D. King Louis XVI-beheaded-1793
E. Reign of Terror/French Excesses
F. War with Britain spills over into Atlantic
G. Old Franco-American Alliance of 1778---on the books
H. Washington-Neutrality Proclamation-1793
I. Citizen Genet affair-1793
VI. Problems with Britain
A. British trading posts/Great Lakes region
1. money-making furs
2. arming our Indians
B. Battle of Fallen Timbers-1794
1. Pro-Brit Indians crushed
2. sign away Ohio R. Valley-T. of Greenville-1795
C. British Impressments & Seizures
1. "free ships make free goods"-Amer. rallying cry
2. ignore America's rights as a neutral
D. Jay's Treaty-1794
1. John Jay sent to London by GW
2. undercut by Hamilton
3. same pledge to evac. trading posts
4. no pledges to STOP seizures
5. OUTRAGED JEFFERSONIANS-didn't want to repay Rev. debts
6. led to Spain's deal-making
E. Pinckney's Treaty-1795
1. free navigation of Miss R.
2. Spain cedes disputed land North of FL
G. GW's retirement
1. Farewell Address-1796
2. 2-term precedence
VII. "His Rotundity" John Adams
A. Adams' traits (short, bald, crusty, vain)
B. Problems with Hamilton & "High Feds"/war faction
C. French abuse us (seizures)
D. JA sends 3 envoys to Paris (Jay, Gerry, Pinckney)
1. XYZ Affair-1797-bribery-Talleyrand
2. "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute"
3. US outraged-war fever
E. Quasi-War with France (1798-1800)
1. West Indies
2. US captures 80 Fr. vessels
3. several hundred Yankee merchant ships lost
G. Adams "Peace Maker"
1. Napoleon-new leader-better for US
2. Convention of 1800-ended F-A Alliance of 1778
3. Adams suffers politically for peace
H. Alien and Sedition Acts-1798
1. purpose: stifle Jeffersonians
2. 10 convictions
3. Virginia Resolution (Madison)
4. Kentucky Resolution (Jefferson)
5. "compact theory" (states rights)
VIII. Set-up for Election of 1800
A. Hamiltonian Federalists
B. Jeffersonian Republicans
C. Differences
1. who should rule?
2. Pro-Brit. or Pro-France
3. strong vs. weak central govt
4. manufacturing vs. agriculture
5. nat’l debt or no; excises or no
D. Jeff's INCONSISTENCY on SLAVERY
1. necessary to have white yeomen/landowners
2. kept whites from menial labor
3. Jeff's esteem for free white men
a. they could become responsible
b. they could become knowledgeable
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Chapter 11 "Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Democracy" (1800-1812)
I. The Election of 1800
A. Adams vs. Jefferson (leaders of parties)
B. Federalists
1. Alien & Sedition Acts---enemy-makers
2. split in party-High Feds/Hamilton
3. hurt by Adams' peace with France
4. "whispering campaign" against Jeff
5. Jefferson vilified (atheism)
C. Narrow victory for TJ: 73 e.v. to 65
1. NY fell to TJ (Burr's influence)
2. South + West = strength
D. Unexpected Glitch: TJ + Burr tie
1. HR intrigues
2. lame-duck Federalists have fun
3. deadlock finally broken
E. Federalists Finale
1. J. Adams last Fed. president (only?)
2. conservative party
3. had set up republic/stabilized it/kept from war
4. unwilling to appeal to commoners
G. Jefferson's Style
1. walk to Capitol
2. Inauguration: nonpartisan overtones ("We are all Feds...")
3. pell-mell seating at state dinners
4. sloppy attire (no First Lady)
5. sent messages to Congress
6. kept most Feds in their offices
H. Jefferson's Policies
1. pardoned A&S act martyrs
2. new naturalization law-1804-five years residency
3. excised the excise
4. kept rest of Ham's econ. program intact
5. with new Sec. Treas. Albert Gallatin: reduce nat’l debt
II. Midnight Judges and Judicial Stirrings
A. "Dead bed" Judiciary Act of 1801 (Federalists)
1. 16 new fed judgeships
2. Adams appoints 3 on his last day
3. Enraged the Republicans
4. repealed by new Congress
B. Chief Justice John Marshall
1. Jeff's cousin
2. appted by Adams (Federalist)
3. 34-YEAR TERM
4. preserved the Federalist idea of STRONG CENTRAL GOVT
5. made the Court what it is today
C. Marbury v. Madison case-1803
1. narrow issue: Should Marbury get commission?
2. answer: no
3. rationale: part of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
4. ESTABLISHED JUDICIAL REVIEW
D. Samuel Chase Impeachment
1. Chase: loud-mouth Federalist justice
2. 1804-trumped-up charges
3. failure to convict
4. independent judiciary preserved
III. Stirrings of War
A. Tripolitan War-Barbary Pirates
1. issue: paying tribute to N. African states
2. war cheaper than peace
3. 4 years
4. Peace-loving Jeff makes war
5. US wins-but $60,000 ransom paid for captured Americans
B. Jeff's fondness for tiny gunboats
1. ridiculous mistake
2. ridiculed by Feds
IV. Louisiana
A. Secret Fr-Span treaty (San Ildefonso): transfer-1800
B. Napoleon
1. new master of Louisiana
2. influenced by Santo Domingo revolt of L'Overture
3. needs money to fight Britain
C. Jefferson
1. sends Monroe to join ambassador Livingston
2. make offer for N.O. + land EAST (say $10 M)
D. SURPRISE!!!
1. French offer whole LA for $15 M
2. Jeff bothered (violates strict construction)
3. Jeff swallows pride, submits treaty
E. SWEET!!!
1. 828,000 sq. miles
2. 3 cents an acre
F. Lewis & Clark Expedition: 1804-06
1. Lewis-TJ's secretary
2. Clark-military
3. Sacagawea-guide
4. scientific/geographic/cultural benefits
G. Zebulon Pike
1. headwaters of Miss R.-1805-06
2. Pike's Peak-CO/NM-1806-07
H. Other Impacts
1. revived nationalism
2. whiny Federalists further lose appeal
3. ties the West to the Federal Union
4. Burr Plot-New Eng + NY
5. Burr deal with Ham-1804
6. Burr Plot-trans-Miss. West-1806
7. Burr Trial for Treason-acquittal-1807
V. Messy, Sticky War: with England or with France?
A. Napoleon provokes war with Brit.
1. Brit. master of the seas-Trafalgar
2. France master of land-Austerlitz
3. America sucked into middle
4. British Orders in Council-1807
5. Napoleon's Milan Decree-1807
6. Serious Impressment by Brits
7. Chesapeake-Leopard affair-1807
B. America's Fumbling
1. Jefferson's 'Dambargo-1807-1809
2. stupid Non-Intercourse Act-1809
3. even dumber Macon's Bill No. 2-1810
4. new President Madison duped by Napoleon
C. War Hawks
1. young, brash, stupid HR
2. Henry Clay of KY-leader-"Harry of the West"
3. "Free Trade and Sailors' Rights"
4. "On to Canada!" fever
5. concerned with British-back Indians
D. Indian Troubles
1. Tecumseh and Prophet-Pan-Indian Unity
2. Confederacy of all tribes E. of Miss R
3. Ticked off by white incursions into KY
4. Wm. Henry Harrison-Tippecanoe(IN)-1811
5. Andrew Jackson-Horseshoe Bend(AL)-1814-Creeks
E. Declaration of War on Britain-June 1812
1. London repeals Orders in Council-2 days earlier!!!
2. War Hawks prevail
3. Maritime New Eng (esp. MA)- against war
4. Mid-Atlantic states- against war
5. West and South- for war
6. "Mr. Madison's War"
7. Open Federalist opposition to war
a. opposed acquisition of Canada
b. resented loss of business/trade with England
c. sent aid to Canada/helped British armies
d. America very divided
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Chapter 12 "Second War for Independence & Upsurge in American Nationalism" (1812-1824)
I. Woeful Condition of America in 1812 War
A. Divided/Apathetic People
B. Regular Army Pitiful
1. ill-trained
2. ill- disciplined
3. militiamen had to supplement
4. senile relics from Rev. War
C. Poor Strategy against Canada
1. should've focused on Montreal
2. "Three-Pronged Invasion"-1812
3. Detroit, Niagara, Lake Champlain
4. all beaten back
D. Canadians and Brits Early Successes
1. captured Ft. Michilimackinac (upper G.Lakes)
2. more failed American attacks-1813
E. Lake Erie-Oliver Hazard Perry-1813
1. saved Detroit & Ft. Maiden
2. new life into Amer. cause
F. Battle of the Thames-1813-W. H. Harrison
G. Napoleon's 1st Exile-1814
1. U.S. now left alone
2. redcoats now stream into Canada
H. Battle of Lake Champlain-1814
1. Hero Thomas McDonough
2. near Plattsburgh (NY)
3. invading Brits turned back
4. Upper NY saved from conquest
I. Washington burned-1814-"Maddy in Flight"
J. Brits beaten off at Ft. McHenry-Baltimore
K. Battle of New Orleans-Jan 8, 1815
1. Gen. Andrew Jackson (hero of Horseshoe Bend)
2. hodgepodge force
3. overconfident Brits charge
L. American Navy-real success story of war
1. skillful crews, better gunners
2. beefier frigates---Constitution class
M. Royal Navy--- crippling blockade Amer. coast
N. Treaty of Ghent---Dec 24, 1814
1. essentially an armistice
2. No mention of grievances before 1812
3. influenced by Tsar Alexander I of Russia
4. J.Q. Adams---tough negotiator
5. Brits softened by word of reverses (NY, Balt)
II. Federalist Disloyalties (?)
A. New England defiant
1. trading with enemy in Canada
2. prospered during conflict
B. Rumors of "Blue Light" Federalists
C. Hartford Convention-1814
1. ill-omened, ill-timed
2. called by Mass.
3. MA, CT, RI (full); NH, VT (partial reps)
4. overblown radicalism
5. moderate demands
D. Death of the Federalist Party
1. 1816: ran last candidate for Pres: Rufus King
2. popular James Monroe elected (183 e.v. to 34)
E. Stench of Disloyalty killed party
III. Summation of War of 1812
A. "Small Fry" (6000 Amer. killed/wounded)
B. new respect for America's fighting
C. DIPLOMATIC SUCCESS: America more respected
D. Sectionalism discredited
E. New War Heroes: Jackson + Harrison
F. ECONOMIC SUCCESS: Amer. manufacturing thrived during
G. Bitterness towards Eng. intensified
1. BUT-1817-Rush-Bagot Treaty (disarmed G.L.)
2. Treaty of 1818: Lake of Woods(MN) to Rockies-49th Par.
3. Finally-1870s-last border forts closed down
H. Wave of Amer. nationalism
1. birth of distinctive Amer. Lit: Irving + Cooper
2. romanticized Amer. landscapes paintings
3. Bank of U.S. rechartered-1816
4. Washington rebuilt
5. military successes of Decatur-Barbary Coast
I. "American System"-Henry Clay-1824
1. strong banking system/easy credit
2. protective tariff
3. roads and canals-federal spending (CONTROVERSY)
IV. Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)
A. President James Monroe-Characteristics
1. early Goodwill tour-1817
2. Wooed Boston & New Eng
B. Panic of 1819
1. OVERSPECULATION in Western lands
2. overextended investments in manu.
3. mismgmt of 2nd Bank of US (The Monster)
4. bankruptcy, bank failures, unemployment
5. poor debtors---future Jacksonians
C. Western Growing Pains
1. 1791-1819: 9 frontier states joined Union
2. N-S balance important (slavery)
3. "Ohio Fever"/crushing of Indians
4. CUMBERLAND ROAD-1811 (MD to IL)
5. influence of steamboats
6. "wildcat banks"-cheap paper money
D. Missouri Compromise
1. Henry Clay
2. MO and ME admitted in 1821
3. 36-30 line (vast area North = free soil)
4. lasted 34 years
V. John Marshall's DA MAN
A. McCullough v. Maryland (1819)
B. Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
C. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
D. Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
E. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
F. Important Legacy
VI. Sharing Oregon and Getting' Florida
A. Sec. State J.Q. Adams-shrewd
B. Treaty of 1818 with Britain
1. shared Newfoundland fisheries
2. N. boundary of LA = 49 degree parallel
C. The “Floridas”
1. US already taken West FL-1810 (Baton Rouge)
2. US seized Mobile area-during 1812 War
3. Jackson kicks ass in 1818 (hangings/executions)
D. Adams-Onis Treaty-1819
1. Spain cedes rest of FL
2. US renounces claims to TX
3. US assumes claims of Americans vs. Spain (5 M)
4. western boundary of LA established (zigzag)
VII. America Warns Europe about New Interventions
A. Background-
1. Napoleon kicked for good
2. old autocrats returned
3. stamp out democracy in Europe & New World
4. New World Latin Revolutions
a. new republics
b. Spanish king wants to rebound
5. Russian decree of Czar - 1821 - 100 mi. open sea
B. Brits try to enlist Americans/joint declaration
C. Sec. State J.Q. Adams-savvy & "lone wolf" nationalist
1. doesn't want joint declaration
2. wins over Monroe
D. Monroe Doctrine speech-1823
1. non-colonization
2. non-intervention
E. Reality
1. little splash in Latin Am.
2. British navy is real buffer
3. "Self-Defense Doctrine"-no real concern for L.Am.
4. only as good as our willingness to eject trespassers
5. ups and downs over the years