Chapter 25 "America Moves to the City" (1865-1900)
I. Fantastic Growth of U.S. Cities
A. Population Stats
1. By 1900: 4 in 10 Americans urban
2. 1870 - 1900: pop in cities tripled
3. 1860: no U.S. city over 1 million
4. 1890: NYC, Phila, Chic - over 1 mill
B. New Urban Wonders
1. skyscraper - Louis Sullivan (1885 Wainwright Bldg)
2. "Form Follows Function"
3. electric trolleys: old walking cities expanded
4. attractions: power, indoor plumbing, telephones
5. Department Stores: Marshall Field's (Chicago)
C. Urban Blight
1. Disposal mentality (mtns of trash)
2. Dumbbell Tenements (1879 "perfected")
3. slums / flophouses
4. sanitation
II. Immigrants
A. Population Stats
1. 1850s - 1870s: 2 million to U.S.
2. 1880s: 5 million
3. highpoint: 1882 - 788,992 arrived
B. Characteristics
1. until 1880s: mostly W. Euros
2. 1880s: New Immigrants
3. differences of Old Immigrants vs. New Immigrants
C. Cities = Magnets for Immigrants
1. 1900: 66% of inflow into cities foreign-born
2. ethnic neighborhoods ("Little Italy")
D. Why did they come?
1. "America Fever": letters sent home
2. industrialists want cheap labor (advertise)
3. persecutions (1880s Russian Pogroms - Jews)
4. "Birds of Passage" (25% of 20 Million between 1820-1900)
E. Reactions
1. "Boss" System (mixed legacy: default welfare agency)
2. Reform stirrings
a. Walter Rauschenbusch: "Social Gospel Mvmt" (1880s)
b. Jane Addams: 1889 Hull House (Chicago)
c. Lillian Wald: 1893 Henry St. Settlement (NYC)
d. settlement house mvmt.
F. Working Single Women: Groundbreaking
1. immigrants: particular industries (Jews - garment)
2. white-collar jobs (Native-born)
3. Black women: few jobs besides domestic service
G. Anti-foreignism (Nativism)
1. new antiforeign organizations
2. American Protective Assoc. (APA): 1887 (anti-Catholic)
3. Union members hate newcomers (scabs)
4. Immigration Acts - 1882
a. ban paupers, criminals, convicts
b. Chinese Exclusion Act
5. Ironic - 1886 dedication of Statue of Liberty
III. Religion Cranks Up
A. Shift to Cities/New Immigrants Effect
1. decline in traditional Prot. churches
2. boom for Roman Catholics (also good for Judaism)
3. Urban Revivalists
a. Dwight L. Moody: urban circuit 1870s & 1880s
b. Moody adapts old faith to facts of urban life
c. Moody Bible Institute in Chicago - 1889
B. Diversity
1. 1890: 150 denominations
2. Newcomers
a. Salvation Army: came to U.S. (1879)
b. Christian Science - Mary Baker Eddy (1879)
c. Science & Health & Key to the Scriptures (1875)
d. YMCA & YWCA (antebellum) - now growth explosion
C. Debate over Evolution
1. On the Origin of Species (1859) - Darwin
2. Christian Fundamentalism
3. moderate clergy ("modernists") purged
D. Agnosticism
1. Bob Ingersoll ("Why I Am an Agnostic")
2. "gave hell hell"
IV. Learning
A. Grade-School Compulsory (starting 1870s)
B. Spread of High Schools (1880s & 1890s)
1. influence of Carnegie
2. 1900: 6,000 high schools
C. Teacher Colleges (Normal Schools)
1. 1860: 12
2. 1910: over 300
D. Rise of Kindergartens
E. Vast growth of Catholic parochial schools
F. Chautauqua Movement: public lecture circuit (1870s-90s)
G. Black Education
1. Booker T. Washington: Tuskegee Institute AL (1881)
2. accomodation: Blacks should be economically indepedent first then get rights
3. backpedal social equality for jobs (1895 Atlanta Compromise Speech)
4. George W. Carver: botany professor - sweet potatos & peanuts
5. Niagra Movement: led by Harvard graduate Dr. W.E.B. DuBois
6. push for immediate equality with whites / attack go-slow approach
7. Du Bois: NAACP co-founder (1908)
8. BTW and WEBD differences of opinion/style
H. Colleges
1. women's colleges: Vassar, co-ed, Midwest (hub)
2. southern black colleges (Howard, Hampton, Atlanta U.)
3. Morrill Act of 1862: "Land-Grant Colleges"
4. Philanthropy (1878-1898: $150 million)
a. Cornell, Stanford, U. of Chicago
b. J.D. Rockefeller: $550 million
5. specialized institutions: Johns Hopkins (1876)
I. Spiced up curriculums (practicality & specialization)
J. Public Libraries
1. Library of Congress Building - 1897
2. Carnegie: $60 million around USA
3. 1900: 9,000 "free" libraries
K. Linotype - press - 1885
1. "Penny Press"
2. Sensationalism
3. Joseph Pulitzer - New York World
4. William R. Hearst - San Fran Examiner & New York Journal
L. Apostles of Reform
1. Henry George: Progress and Poverty (1879)
a. single tax idea
b. attacked private land ownership
2. Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward (1888)
a. utopian socialism
b. nationalized big business
3. Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie (1900)
a. social novelist
b. working poor & moral standards
V. Women: Trouble, Trouble, Trouble
A. Victoria Woodhull & Tennessee Clafin (sisters)
1. free love - 1871
2. Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly
3. sexual attitudes & place of women
B. Anthony Comstock - NY Vice Crusader
1. "Comstock Law" (1873)
2. foe of porn & contraception & abortions
C. "Divorce Revolution" - new urban era
D. Delay Marrying / Drop in Family Size (Trends)
E. Birth Control / Family Planning (Frances Willard)
F. Charlotte Perkins Gillman: Women & Economics (1893)
1. women abandon dependency
2. get involved
3. reject phony biological differences
4. nurseries & cooperative kitchens
F. New Suffrage Organizations
1. Nat. American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (1890): militants
2. founders Stanton (old) & Anthony (old)
G. New Leader & New Message
1. Carrie Chapman Catt
2. suffrage not as matter of right
3. linked ballot to traditional roles (health, edu.)
H. Wyoming Territory - "Equality State" - 1869
I. Demon Rum
1. National Prohibition Party (1869)
2. WCTU - Frances E. Willard (1874)
3. "KA Cyclone" Carrie A. Nation (hachetations)
4. Anti-Saloon League (1893)
5. Prohibition Amendment - 18th - 1919
J. Other Notables
1. ASPCA - 1866
2. American Red Cross - Clara Barton (1881)
VI. Culture / Arts Development
A. Sampling of Literature
1. King: Mark Twain - Tom Sawyer (1876) & Huck Finn (1884)
a. satire "damned human race"
b. lecture circuit
2. Queen: Kate Chopin - The Awakening (1899)
a. leading feminist
b. MO-born
3. Progressive "Muckrakers"
a. Jack London - The Iron Heel (1907) - fascism
b. Frank Norris - The Octopus (1901) - RRs
B. Sampling of Visual Arts
1. Americans-In-Exile
a. James Whistler (portrait of mother)
b. John Singer Sargent (portraits of Eng. nobles)
c. Mary Cassatt (women & children/baths)
2. Realism School
a. Thomas Eakins (boxers)
b. Winslow Homer (seascapes)
3. Sculpture - Augustus Saint-Gaudens (54th Mass Reg.)
C. Columbian Exposition - Chicago - 1893 (27 million visitors)
D. Popular Amusements
1. Vaudeville: crude jokes 1880s & 1890s
2. Southern minstrel shows
3. Barnum & Bailey Circus - 1881 ("greatest show...")
4. Buffalo Bill's "Wild West" shows - 1883
5. Sports on the Brain
a. baseball goes pro-"league" (1870s)
b. Football: Yale-Princeton game (1893): 50,000 fans
c. Corbett-Sullivan Championship Fight - 1892
d. "Cycling" - 1 Million "safety bikes" by 1893
e. Basketball: James Naismith -YMCA- 1891
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Chapter 26 "The Great West & The Agricultural Revolution" (1865-1896)
I. Background of the Frontier West
A. BIG
1. 1,000 sq. miles on a side
2. varying terrains & geography
B. Varied Habitats
1. animals: buffalo, wild horse, prairie dog, coyote
2. humans: Plains Indians
C. Native Americans
1. By 1860: 360,000
2. Pinched by Western & Eastern advancement (both coasts)
3. Spanish-introduced horse (profound change)
4. white encroachment on lands
a. increased Indian inter-tribal warfare
b. undermined foundation of native culture
c. shrank the population of bison
5. Sioux
a. displaced by Chippewas at headwaters of Miss. R.
b. expanded by expense of Crows, Kiowas, & Pawnees (1850s)
c. 1873: massacre 100 Pawnees (turned to govt. reservation)
6. Government Guile and Deceit
a. treaties with "chiefs" of various "tribes"
b. 1850s: Ft. Laramie & Ft. Atkinson
c. 1860s: herded Indians into 2 reservations
1. "Great Sioux reservation" (Dakotas)
2. "Indian Territory" (OK)
d. corrupt Indian agents
e. 1868 - 1890: WARFARE between US Army & Indians
7. Battles & Cruelties
a. Sioux: 1866 "Fetterman massacre"- Bozeman Trail party (81 dead - WY)
b. Sioux: 1876 "Little Big Horn" - Custer's 7th Cav (264 dead - MT)
c. US Army: 1877 Bear Paw Mtn Battle - shatter Nez Perce (Chief Joseph)
d. Apaches-leader Geronimo (1870s/1880s)-chase into Mex.-surrender
8. Forces that conspired against Indians
a. locomotives ("bad medicine wagons")
b. disease (40% death rate of Nez Perce)
c. flood of Wasichus (whites)
d. alcoholism ("firewater")
e. extinction of buffalo
9. Where Have All the Bison Gone?
a. 1865: 15 million
b. Buffalo Bill-KA Pacific RR-killed 4,000 in 18 mos.
c. RRs/sportsmen/mass killings for fun
d. 1885: 1,000 left
e. Yellowstone Park preservation
10. Sympathetic White "Reformers"
a. Helen Hunt Jackson (MA): A Century of Dishonor (1881)
b. White missionaries
c. outlawed Sun Dance (1884)
d. stamped out Ghost Dance (1890-Wounded Knee-SD-200 killed)
e. Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
f. Carlisle Indian School (PA) (1879)
II. Mining & Cattle Ranching
A. "Fifty-Niners"
1. CO - "Pike's Peakers"
2. NV - Comstock Lode ($340 M in Au/Ag) - 1860-1890
3. "Lucky Strikes": MT, ID
4. Boomtowns ("Helldorados")
5. saloons and brothels
6. Ghost Towns (Virginia City NV)
7. Big corporations displace individuals
8. Female equality --- WY (1st suffrage) -1869
9. Pro-silverites / "Silver Senators"
B. Ya-Hoo - COWS!!!
1. Texas longhorns
2. RRs made marketing possible
3. refrigerated railcars (Swift)
4. "Cow Towns": Dodge City (KA), Abilene (KA), Cheyenne (WY)
5. Abilene: Marshall Wild Bill Hickok
6. 1866 - 1888: 4 million steers from "Beef Bowl" (TX)
7. "Long Drive": 1,000-10,000 head
8. Forces that ended glory days
a. RRs: brought homesteaders & sheepherders
b. barbed-wire (Glidden)
c. blizzards (1886-87)
C. Homesteaders
1. Homestead Act of 1862 (MONUMENTAL)
2. 500,000 families (1862-1902)
3. plight of farmers (dry lands)
4. naked fraud (speculators got 10X public lands)
5. "100th Meridian" - Great American Desert
6. western Kansas: barren, arid
7. "dry farming" - later "Dust Bowls"
8. Russian Wheat
9. Civil Engineers (dams/reservoirs)
D. The West Grows Up
1. Rapid Admission of new states
a. CO (1876) "Centennial State"
b. ND, SD, MT, WA, ID, WY
c. UT (finally in 1890)
d. OK ("89ers") - "Sooner State" (1907)
2. Watershed Census - 1890 - no more frontier line
3. 1893 F.J. Turner Thesis "Significance of the Frontier in American Hst"
4. Fed Govt still largest landholder (25%)
5. National Parks (1st-Yellowstone-1872)
6. West as "Safety Valve" Theory
7. West = Crossroads of Cultures
a. Native American peoples
b. "Anglo" culture
c. Hispanics
d. Black cowboys/farmers
8. Literary Legacy of the West
III. Farmers
A. Agribusiness gets larger
B. Indebtedness of farmers grows
1. banks
2. RRs
3. Harvesting Machines firms
4. Retailers (Montgomery Ward-1872-catalog)
C. Necessary Factors for Success
1. expensive machines
2. steam engines to drag equipment
3. twine binder (1870s)
4. "combine" (1880s) - reaper-thresher
D. Demise of Small Family Farms
1. farm becomes GIANT factory
2. "Bonanza Farms" of MN-ND (wheat)
3. CA's Central Valley-plantations & estates
E. Farmer Woes
1. Falling Farm Prices (constant threat)
a. wheat price 1855: $1 per bushel
b. wheat price 1890: 50 cents per bushel
2. Big Crop Yields in Other Places (Europe, Asia)
3. Static Money Supply (not keeping pace with business activity)
4. scramble for available currency
5. cycle of operating at a loss
6. ruinous rates of interest on mortgages (8-40%)
7. farm tenancy increasing (1880-25%)
8. over taxation
9. Railroads: crooked rates for hauling freight
F. "COME TOGETHER, RIGHT NOW..."
1. Nat. Grange of Patrons of Husbandry (the "Grange")
a. founder Oliver H. Kelley (1867)
b. temporary gains on state level regulating RR's
c. "Granger Laws" (curb RR abuses-favorable state laws)
d. setback: Supreme Court overturn (Wabash case 1886)
2. Greenback Labor Party
a. 1878-high-water mark
b. elected 14 people to Congress (woo-hoo!)
c. polled over 1 million votes
d. 1880-ran Gen. James Weaver for president (not a woo-hoo)
3. Farmers Alliance (1870s) --- TX
a. racism: whites wouldn't let black farmers join (dumb)
b. ignored tenant farmers, sharecroppers
c. Blacks formed "Colored Farmers National Alliance" (1880s)
4. Populist Agitator: Mary Eliz. Lease
a. "Kansas Pythoness"
b. "Patrick Henry in Petticoats"
c. Quote: "raise less corn & more hell." (too funny)
IV. Depression of 1890s - Politics
A. Strengthened Populists' Arguments
1. Farmers being squeezed by RRs
2. Laborers being victimized by oppressive capitalism
B. Populists saw industrial toilers as potential Allies
C. Coxey's Army - 1894
1. "General" Jacob S. Coxey
2. march to D.C. with 500 men
3. demanded a public works program for unemployed
4. demanded printing of $500 million in new notes
5. predicted 100,000 marchers to see Honest Ugly Cleveland
6. arrested for walking on grass
D. Pullman Strike - Chicago - 1894
1. Eugene V. Debs - organizer American Railway Union
2. strike violence - overturning RR cars
3. AFL refuse to join strike to sully its reputation
4. US Atty Gen Richard Olney - overreacted (mail cars)
5. Cleveland got federal court injunction
6. Debs defies injunction - arrested - jailed
7. Strike broken by federal troops
V. Dirtiest Election in a Long Time (1896)
A. Marcus Hanna: "The President Maker"
1. bankrolls former Congressman Wm. McKinley (0H)
2. G.O.P. cash-largest ever war chest ($16 Million)
3. McKinley "Front Porch Campaign"
4. fear: most effective weapon of Hanna
B. William Jennings Bryan: "Silver Messiah"
1. "Dem-Pop" Party leader
2. "Cross of Gold" speech 1896 (Chicago)
3. Dems. take up main Pop. issue: "16 to 1"
C. Mudslinging
1. Smear campaign against Bryan
2. Bryan vilified as dangerous radical/socialist
3. scared factory workers in urban East
4. G.O.P. slogan: "McKinley & the Full Dinner Pail"
5. talk of Bryan "dollars" being worth 50 cents
6. "Silver Heresy" (wreck our economy)
D. "Gold Bug" Democrats pull for McKinley [includ. Cleveland]
E. Results of Election of 1896
1. Decisive McKinley (R) win (271 ev to 176)
2. last attempt to win with mostly agrarian votes
3. G.O.P. grasp on Presidency
a. 16 consec. years
b. all but 8 (Wilson) of next 36 years
4. decline in voter participation
5. weakening of party organizations
6. fading away of money question + civil-service reform
7. "4th Party System"????
VI. Republican Changes
A. Dingley Tariff Act of 1897: back up to 46.5%
1. re-throned HR Speaker "Czar" Reed gaveled through
2. 850 amendments
B. Gold Standard Act of 1900
C. Stabilization of Gold Reserves (new discoveries)
D. New Style of President McKinley
1. stick to majority of public opinion
2. conciliatory & warm-handed
3. charm even opponents
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Chapter 27 "The Path of Empire" (1890-1899)
I. Imperialist Stirrings
A. Exports Of Manu. + Agri. Goods Shoot Up
B. Overseas Markets = Safety Valve???
1. labor unrest at home
2. agrarian unrest
C. "Yellow Press" (Hearst & Pulitzer)
D. Missionaries: Rev. Josiah Strong
1. Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis
2. superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization
3. imperative to spread Christianity to "backward" peoples
E. Darwin twist: America is the fittest
1. Theodore Roosevelt
2. Henry Cabot Lodge
F. Fear of Getting Left Out
1. Africa: 1880s "Carving"
2. China: 1890s "concessions"
G. Big Navy Argument
1. Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan
2. The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (1890)
3. demand for bigger navy
4. demand for American-built isthmian canal
II. New International Interests Plus Old Fashioned Stupidity
A. Latin America
1. Sec. State Blaine "Big Sister" policy
2. 1889: 1st Pan-American Conference in D.C.
B. Near Wars
1. vs. Germany: Samoan Islands-1889
2. vs. Italy: 11 Italian lynched in N. Orleans-1891
3. vs. Chile: 2 U.S. sailors killed-1892
4. vs. Canada: seal hunting near Alaska-1893
5. vs. Britain: Venezuela-Brit. Guiana border-1895-96
a. Pres. Cleveland invokes Monroe Doct.
b. saucy note of Sec. State Richard Olney
c. British distraction: Boer Wars (S. Africa)
d. settled with arbitration
e. Britain new era "patting the eagle's head"
C. Hawaii
1. Background
a. New Eng. missionaries-1820
b. Yankee whalers and sailors
c. 1840s: US warns others
d. 1875: commercial reciprocity agreement
e. 1887: naval-base rights treaty (Pearl)
f. 1890 McKinley Tariff hurt sugar growers
2. 1893 revolt against Queen Liliuokalani
3. Anti-expansionist Cleveland withdraws treaty-1893
- first big debate over imperialism
4. Bride left waiting at alter until 1898
D. Cuban Revolt-1895
1. Econ. reason: sugar growers hurt by Amer. tariff 1894
2. Spanish atrocities: Gen. "Butcher" Weyler-1896
a. crush insurrectionists
b. "reconcentration camps" (disease)
3. American jingoists pressure Cleveland-wouldn't budge
E. Yellow Journalism
1. Hearst-Remington pictures
2. de Lome letter: disparaging comments on McKinley
3. Feb. 15, 1898: Maine explosion (260 killed)
4. "remember the Maine!"
III. "A Splendid Little War" Begins
A. President McKinley pressured
1. "Wobbly Willie"
2. TR comparison to chocolate éclair
3. McKinley caves in to public opinion
4. concern for G.O.P.
B. War Message to Congress
1. April 11, 1898: "declaration"
2. Teller Amendment: U.S. promise to give Cuba freedom
C. Dewey's Triumph-Manila Harbor
1. TR order to steam fleet from Hong Kong to Phil.
2. May 1, 1898: annihilation of Span. fleet
3. waiting game for US troops (arrive Aug)-capture Manila
4. Emilio Aguinaldo: exile brought back to help U.S.
D. Rush Job on Hawaiian Annexation-1898
1. supposed coaling stations argument
2. full territorial status-1900
E. Invasion of Cuba
1. U.S. Blockade of Span. Fleet (Santiago)
2. "Rough Riders"
a. Leonard Wood-commander
b. Colonel TR
c. San Juan Hill & Kettle Hill (July 1 1898)
3. Spanish Fleet destroyed-July 3 1898-500 Span. killed
F. General Nelson Miles-capture Puerto Rico
G. Armistice-August 12 1898
H. American Lack of Preparedness
1. malaria, typhoid, dysentery, yellow fever
2. "embalmed beef" scandal
3. woolen underwear for tropics
4. cavalry arrives ahead of horses
5. 5,000 men died-disease (400-bullets)
IV. Curse of Empire
A. McKinley: "What to do? What to Do?"
1. Philippines
a. 7 million inhabitants
b. McKinley's prayer & revelation
c. Americans agree to pay $20 million to Spain
2. Treaty of Paris of 1898
a. U.S. gets Guam, Phil, Puerto Rico
b. Cuba given independence (with Amer. oversight)
c. Spain gets $20 million
d. W.J. Bryan shepherds thru Senate
B. Problems with New Areas
1. Are peoples of new lands full-fledged U.S. Citizens?
a. Supreme Court-Insular cases-1901
b. issue of blend of rights left to Congress
2. Puerto Rico
a. Foraker Act of 1900-limited pop. govt.
b. 1917-U.S. citizenship
c. subsequent flow to NYC
3. Cuba
a. U.S. withdrew its troops in 1902
b. Platt Amendment-1901
1. US can still intervene to protect
2. Cuba: no sticky foreign allies, no big debts
3. Guantanamo naval base lease
c. Health Miracles brought by U.S.
1. Dr. Walter Reed: campaign vs. yellow fever
2. Stegomyia mosquito breeding grounds drained
3. Havana saved
4. Philippines
a. Aguinaldo: Filipino insurrection 1898-1899
b. rebels want U.S. to free islands
c. 70,000 U.S. soldiers deployed
d. nasty guerrilla war: 1900-mid-1902
e. U.S.: postpone Filipino independence indefinitely
f. later in crosshair of Japanese expansions: WWII
C. Anti-Imperialist League
1. philosopher Wm. James
2. Mark Twain
3. Andrew Carnegie
4. Samuel Gompers
5. American imperialism inconsistent with D.O.I.
D. Expansionists/Imperialists
1. influence of Kipling-"White man's burden"
2. economic arguments
E. Long-term Effects of the Span-Am. War
1. U.S. gains more foreign respect
2. nationalism wave
3. Far East power (Phil.="Achilles' heel")
4. support for more/bigger battleships
5. Sec. War Elihu Root-War College
6. patching up old Civil War wounds (North-South)
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Chapter 28 "America on the World Stage" (1899-1909)
I. "Little Brown Brothers" (Filipinos)
A. Treachery of Aguinaldo
1. insurrection against U.S. - 1899
2. jungle/guerrilla warfare: 1900-02
3. capture in 1901
B. McKinley - Philippine Commission - 1899
1. Taft - second leader
2. Taft's rhetoric / style
3. McK: "benevolent assimilation"
4. schools
5. final freedom: July 4th, 1946
II. Ya'll Respect China
A. China's victimization
1. Jap. hands: 1894-95 defeat
2. Russia & Germany moving in
3. economic "spheres of interest" (leaseholds)
B. U.S. interests
1. economic (Chinese markets)
2. missionaries
C. Sec. Hay's "Open Door" Dispatch - 1899
1. respect commercial integrity of China
2. fair competition among powers
3. asked other nations to sign on (Russian rebuff)
D. Boxer Rebellion - 1900
1. "Kill Foreign Devils!"
2. 200 missionaries + diplomats
3. international force put down rebellion
4. indemnity of $333 million ($24.5 to U.S.)
E. Hay new circular note
1. expand Open Door to mean territorial integrity
2. did not submit for other nations approval (this time)
3. preserved territorial integrity
III. That Damned Cowboy (TR)
A. TR's rising star
1. war hero (San Juan Hill)
2. captured governorship of NY
3. pissed off local political bosses ("Goo-goo")
4. "kicking upstairs" (vice presidency candidacy)
B. Election of 1900
1. same opponents, same issues
2. TR: new star
3. bigger McKinley win over Bryan
C. McKinley Assassination
1. Buffalo: Sept. 1901
2. Leon Czolgosz
3. Hanna quote: "damned cowboy"
D. TR style
1. direct-actionist
2. did not care for procedural/constitutional constraints
3. moralizer & reformer
IV. Panama Canal: A Really Important Ditch
A. Old Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850
1. pledged mutual U.S.-Brit. canal
2. Britain released U.S. (Hay-Pauncefote Treaty-1901)
B. Panama vs. Nicaragua? Which route?
1. trickery of Philippe Bunau-Varilla
2. failure of French Canal Company (S-shaped Panamanian route)
3. wants U.S. to buy rights from France ($40 million)
4. volcano issue (Mt. Pelee-Martinique-influence Senators)
C. Colombia won't deal
1. U.S. offers $10 M plus $250,000/yr. for 6-mile zone
2. TR pissed at Bogotá Senate
D. Panamanian Revolt-1903
1. Bunau-Varilla stirred
2. US Navy disallows Colombian intervention
3. TR recognizes Panama
4. new treaty: Hay-Bunau-Varilla-1903
5. same price, but U.S. gets 10-mile wide zone
E. Engineering Wonders
1. "making dirt fly" began 1904
2. Chief Engineer George Washington Goethals (autocrat)
3. Col. Wm. C. Gorgas-eradicates Yellow Fever threat
4. 1914 completion ($400 million)
V. "Like a Bad Neighbor, America is There"
A. Venezuelan Debt Crisis
1. Germany & Brit. owed money
2. Dec 1902: both blockade ports
3. TR incensed (violation of Monroe Doctrine)
4. TR arbitrates dispute
5. Hague Tribunal (1904): settlement
B. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine (1904)
1. US takes over Dom. Repub. customs-1905
2. Marines sent to Cuba-1906-1909 (police force)
C. "Bad Neighbor"
1. Caribbean = "Yankee lake"
2. "Colossus of the North"
3. "Cowboy Diplomacy" ("Big Stickism")
4. TR as World Policeman
VI. TR on World Stage
A. Russo-Japanese War negotiations (1905)
1. TR gathers both sides at Portsmouth NH
2. works out settlement (both now mad at U.S.)
B. TR arranges Int. Conference-Algeciras, Spain-1906
1. work out North African disputes
2. TR arranges mediation
3. Nobel Peace Prize-1906
C. "Yellow Peril" Part II.
1. Japanese - Pacific Coast
2. 1906: 70,000 living along West Coast
3. 1906 San Fran. School Board Case
a. offended Japanese everywhere
b. TR got entire SF Board of Edu. to D.C.
c. deal brokered
d. CA repeals school order
e. "Gentlemen's Agmt" (1907-08) with Japan
D. TR shows off American Naval Muscle
1. "Great White Fleet": 16 battleships
2. worldwide tour (1907-08)
3. aimed at impressing upstart Japanese
4. harmonious Japanese reception (surprise!)
5. Root-Takahira agreement-1908
a. we'll respect each others territory
b. trust us (hint-hint)
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Chapter 29 "Progressivism & The Republican Roosevelt" (1901-1912)
I. Commonalities of Progressivism
A. Began around 1900
B. Largest reform mvmt since 1840s
C. combat many societal ills
D. single battle cry: "Strengthen the State"
E. Precursors
1. Greenback Labor Party-1870s
2. Populists-1890s
F. Literary Precursors to Muckrakers
1. Henry Demarest Lloyd "Wealth Against Commonwealth"(1894)
2. Thorstein Veblen "The Theory of the Leisure Class" (1899)
3. Jacob A. Riis "How the Other Half Lives"(1890)
G. Muckrakers
1. started around 1902
2. publisher strategy to boost readership
3. 10 & 15 cent mags (McClure's, Cosmo, Collier's, Everybody's)
4. TR labeled them in 1906/TR's attitude
5. Lincoln Steffens "The Shame of the Cities" (1902)
6. Ida M. Tarbell "History of Standard Oil Co."
7. David G. Phillips "The Treason of the Senate" (1906)
II. Political Reforms
A. Direct primary elections
B. initiative
C. referendum
D. recall
E. secret Australian ballot
F. Direct election of Senators
1. By 1900: "Millionaires' Club"
2. 17th Amendment: 1913
G. Female suffrage boost
H. City-Manager govt (Galveston TX-1901)
I. attack "slumlords" & juvenile delinquency
III. Other Progressive Reforms (Social)
A. Personal behavior and morality
1. anti-vice (prostitution/saloons/gambling)
2. public entertainments (dance halls, theaters, parks)
B. Wisconsin-leader
1. Gov. Robert M. LaFollette ("Fighting Bob")
2. regulation of public utilities
C. Sweatshops
1. 1911 Triangle Fire (146 died)
2. worker safety codes
3. Muller v. Oregon (1908) case (female special legal protections)
D. Ten-Hour Days
1. setback: Lochner v. NY (1905) case [struck down NY law bakers]
2. 1917: Supreme Ct. upheld 10-hour law for factory workers
E. Alcohol
1. WCTU-Frances E. Willard (president 1887)
a. helped organize Prohibition Party
b. women's suffrage mvmt
2. Anti-Saloon League
a. established 1895
b. prohibition in 19 states by 1917
c. 18th Amendment: 1919
IV. TR's Square Deal
A. TR’s Three C’s
1. control of corporations
2. consumer protections
3. conservation
B. Labor
1. 1902 Anthracite Coal strike (PA)
2. TR arbitration
3. 10% pay increase
C. new "Department of Commerce and Labor" (1903)
1. Bureau of Corporations (probes)
2. dept split into two in 1913
D. Curbing the RRs
1. old ICC (1887) ineffective - expanded under TR
2. Elkins Act (1903) - curb rebates
3. Hepburn Act (1906) - restrict free passes
E. TR Trust-Busting
1. TR utilizes the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
2. 1902: Northern Securities (Morgan + James J. Hill)
3. company appeals to Supreme Ct.
4. 1904 Northern Securities case: dissolved
5. 1905: Court declares beef trust illegal
6. brought 44 suits in 7.5 years
7. BUT TR blessed U.S. Steel expansion – 1907
8. TR’s attitudes towards trusts – favored regulation,
not abolition
F. Consumer Protections
1. Upton Sinclair "The Jungle" (1906)
2. TR signs Meat Inspection Act (1906)
a. federal inspection of interstate-shipped beef
b. USDA inspectors
3. TR signs Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
a. attacked quack patent medicines
b. prevent adulteration of foods & Medicines
c. proper labeling of ingredients
G. Earth
1. TR: new day for conservation (NOT tree-hugging)
2. Named Gifford Pinchot head of new U.S. Forestry Serv.
3. Newlands Act of 1902
a. monies from selling govt public lands to land mgmt.
b. support irrigation projects
c. Roosevelt Dam-AZ Salt R.-1911
4. TR sets aside 125 million acres for fed. reserves
a. 3X as much as 3 prev. presidents
b. goal: preserve shrinking forests
c. 1.5 million acres of water-power sites withdrawn
d. 80 million acres of mineral lands withdrawn
5. Confusion over TR's views
a. quote: "wilderness is waste" (Pinchot)
b. favored intelligent USE
c. not aesthetic preservation
d. "multiple-use resource management"
e. in favor of long-range PLANNING
H. Roosevelt Panic of 1907
1. financial world blames TR
2. TR's trust-busting unsettled biz. world
3. "Theodore the Meddler"
4. TR permits U.S. Steel to buy TN Coal & Iron
5. reveals flaws in currency/credit structure
6. Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1907)
a. nat'l banks can issue emergency currency
b. money can be backed by various collateral
c. paved the way for Fed. Reserve Act of 1913
V. TR's Successor = William Howard Taft ("Big Bill")
A. Taft Background
B. Taft Style Differences (with TR)
1. "Peaceful Bill"
2. passivity towards Congress
3. mild progressive
4. lack TR leadership charisma
C. TR honors 2-term promise made in 1904
1. engineers Taft nomination
2. trusts Taft to continue "my policies"
3. "retires" (African safari/Euro. tour)
D. Election of 1908: Taft defeats Bryan (now 3-time loser)
E. Taft Term
1. busts more trusts than TR (90 suits in 4 years)
2. 1911: Taft suit vs. U.S. Steel (TR pissed)
3. foreign policy
a. drops Big Stickism
b. "Dollar Diplomacy": attempt to buy Manchurian RR
c. Nicaragua: U.S. Marines (1912-1925 intervention)
4. Tariffs
a. Taft seeks to reduce tariff (campaign promise)
b. forced to sign Payne-Aldrich Bill
c. progressive wing upset: criticizes Taft
d. Taft thrown into arms of "Old Guard" Republicans
5. Conservation
a. started Bureau of Mines
b. Ballinger-Pinchot quarel-1910
c. issue: Inter. Sec. Ballinger opens public lands (WY MT AL)
d. Pinchot criticized Ballinger
e. Taft dismisses Pinchot (Rooseveltian)
VI. "Breaking Up is Hard to Do" [except this time]
A. TR
1. re-enters political fray
2. joins forces with National Progressives
3. seizes banner away from LaFollette
4. declares himself fit to lead 3rd-Party crusade (QUOTE)
B. Taft
1. supports "Old Guard" Republicans
2. carries 1912 nomination of G.O.P. in Chicago
3. Roosevelt supporters squeezed out (refuse to vote)
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Chapter 30 "Wilsonian Progressivism at Home & Abroad" (1912-1916)
I. Woodrow Wilson's Background
A. Southern roots
1. VA born
2. reared in Carolinas & GA
4. PK: son of Presbyterian
B. Intellectual
1. Poly Sci professor
a. brainy/arrogant
b. "phraseocrat" (dict. + Bible)
2. Princeton Presidency (1902)
3. "Schoolmaster in Politics"
a. NJ reform campaign (anti-trusts)
b. governorship
4. 1912 Election
a. 2 diff. brands of progressivism (TR + WW):
New Nationalism vs. New Freedom
b. TR's "lone-wolf" course: "Bull Moose"
c. Taft hurt (along with G.O.P.)
d. Wilson wins handily (435-88-8 e.v.)
e. BUT Wilson wins only 41% of pop. vote
f. Debs polls 900,000 votes
5. First Democrat since Cleveland
a. G.O.P. minority in Congress next 6 years
b. WW attacks "triple wall of privilege"
c. hit list: tariff. banks, & trusts
II. Pres. Wilson's Progressive Battles (“New Freedom”)
A. Tariff Reform
1. personal address joint chamber
2. HR passes Underwood Tariff Bill (1913)
a. big cut in rates: c. 30%
b. put iron, steel, raw wool, & sugar on "free list"
c. imposed first permanent federal income tax on wealthy
3. Graduated income tax
a. 16th Amendment: adopted Feb. 25, 1913
b. modest levy on incomes over $3000
c. by 1917: income tax $ outpaced tariff revenues
B. Banking Reform
1. Pujo Committee Report (1913)
a. investigated charges of a "money trust"
b. conclusion: concentration of $ and credit increasing
c. too much money in handful of large cities (NYC)
d. rest of nation suffering from lack of funds
e. culprits: consolidation of banks & interlocking directories
2. Federal Reserve Act (1913)
a. Wilson asked for it, got it
b. government controlled, yet decentralized banking system
c. 12 regional banks = member banks = "bankers' banks"
d. empowered to issue its own paper money
e. governed by president-appted Fed. Reserve Board
f. INCREASED the money supply as needed
C. Trust-Busting
1. Federal Trade Commission (1914)
2. Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
a. strengthened old Sherman Act
b. conferred benefits on labor
c. legalized strikes & peaceful picketing
d. "Magna Carta of Labor"
D. Other Measures
1. Federal Farm Loan Act (1916): low-interest farm loans
2. Warehouse Act (1916): loans on security of crops]
3. La Follette Seaman's Act (1915): decent pay/conditions sailors
4. Workingmen's Compensation Act (1916): federal civil-service disability
5. Adamson Act (1916): 8-hour day for RR workers
6. Nominated Louis Brandeis to S.Ct.: 1st Jewish justice
III. Wilson's Foreign Policy
A. "Moral Diplomacy"
1. dislikes Big Stick (TR) & Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)
2. dislikes jingoism (extreme nationalism/aggressive foreign policy)
3. imperialism is immoral according to Wilson
4. American democracy is superior
5. Duty to protect nations under threat of totalitarianism
B. Philippines
1. Jones Act of 1916: territorial status
2. full independence in 1946
C. Defused crisis with Japan in 1913
1. dispatched Sec. State Bryan to CA
2. CA law prohibiting Asian land ownership
3. CA legislature backed down
D. Wilson's "Moral Diplomacy" in Action
1. Haitian intervention (1914-1934)
2. Dominican Republic intervention (1916-1924)
3. U.S. supervision of finances = #1 reason
4. Purchase of Virgin Islands from Denmark (1917)
E. Damned Mexican mess
1. Coup-"Bloody [Victoriano] Huerta" installed (1913)
a. Huerta = Indian revolutionary – caused instability
b. sparked mass exodus to USA (1900-1930=1 Mill)
c. American investments threatened (Hearst ranch)
d. American lives threatened
e. stream of Mexicans northward (jobs)
2. WW supports rival Venustiano Carranza (1914)
a. U.S. money, weapons
b. Wilson determined to get “That Brute” Huerta
c. another rival emerges: firebrand Pancho Villa
3. Incident-American sailors briefly detained-April 1914
a. seaport of Tampico – Mexico apologizes
b. Germany sends weapons to Huerta
c. Wilson orders gunboats to go in to block
d choke off German arms to Huerta
e. Wilson orders US Navy to seize Vera Cruz
4. ABC Powers Negotiation-1914 – avoided full-scale
US-Mex War (another one)
5. Huerta govt. collapses -July 1914
6. Carranza in – but Pancho Villa steals spotlight
7. Mexican Border Campaign
a. Pancho Villa raids (about 35 Amer. killed)
b. Gen. John J. Pershing-15,000 men
c. smash the Villistas but no Pancho
d. withdrawn in Jan. 1917
IV. Europeans Go To War
A. Spark: Archduke Ferdinand assassination-1914
B. Europe fragments
1. Allies: E, F, R
2. Central Powers: G, AH, T, B
C. American isolationism
1. sympathies of German-Americans
2. 11 million Americans (ties to Central Powers)
3. anti-war sentiments
D. Wilson Views
1. Neutrality Proclamation (Aug 19, 1914)
2. evenhandedness
3. "in thought as well as deed"
E. Most Americans anti-German
1. anti-Kaiser
2. labor violence at home
3. TR itching for a fight/goads Wilson
F. American Blood Money
1. selling materiel to Brit. & France
2. $2.3 billion in loans to Allies (Morgan)
G. German Submarine War Zone-1915
1. around British Isles
2. Germany demands "strict accountability" of U.S.
3. WW insists on Amer. "NEUTRAL" rights
4. Lusitania-May 7, 1915-1,198 lives (128 Amer.)
5. War of Words
a. Lusitania Notes exchange (US-Ger)
b. strong language-"verbal guns
c. Bryan resignation (wiener)
6. ARABIC sinking-Aug 1915-German pledge (give warning 1st)
7. SUSSEX sinking-March 1916-Germans break pledge
a. Wilson ultimatum
b. Germans make new pledge (no more passengers/merchants)
V. Election of 1916
A. Democrats-Wilson
1. slogan "He Kept Us Out of War"
2. feared he would lose
B. Republicans-Chas. Evans Hughes
1. overconfidence
2. fence-straddling on war issue
C. TR's role
1. bash Wilson ("damned hypocrite")
2. bash Hughes ("whiskered Wilson")
D. Wilson Squeaker
1. 277 to 254 e.v.
2. 9.1 million to 8.5 million